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If 1 base coded for one amino acid in a protein then, only 4 amino acids could be coded for If 2 bases coded for one amino acid in a protein then, only 16 amino acids could be coded for If 3 bases coded for one amino acid in a protein then, 64 amino acids could be coded for more than enough
41 = 4
42 = 16
43 = 64
There are 20 amino acids to be coded for and 64 base triplets to use to code them Each amino acid has more than one code word that is the genetic code is degenerate.
Protein synthesis
2
Transcription Translation
Transcription
The
relevant gene in the DNA in the nucleus is copied into a molecule of RNA called mRNA or messenger RNA
Transcription
A G
T
C G
C
T
DNA double helix unzips as hydrogen bonds between complementary bases break and the two polynucleotide strands separate
Transcription
A G A
T
C G
G
C
C
T
One strand called the sense strand acts as a template, free RNA nucleotides complementary base pair to the exposed bases on this strand by forming hydrogen bonds RNA polymerase forms sugar-phosphate bonds between nucleotides
Transcription
A G A
T
C G
G
C
C
T
The mRNA detaches from the sense strand The two DNA strands join together by complementary base pairing The DNA molecules winds back up into a helix
Transcription
The sequences of 3 bases on the mRNA coding for amino acids are called CODONS. Not all the bases in the DNA code for amino acids so the mRNA just transcribed contains non-coding regions known as INTRONS
Transcription
exon intron exon intron exon
enzymes
These introns are removed by enzymes before the mRNA leaves the nucleus This leaves just EXONS or coding regions of mRNA
Transcription
intron exon exon intron exon
enzymes
These introns are removed by enzymes before the mRNA leaves the nucleus This leaves just EXONS or coding regions of mRNA
Transcription to translation
Following the removal of introns the mRNA moves out through a nuclear pore and attaches to a ribosome
mRNA
nucleus ribosome
Translation
tRNA
aa1 tRNA
aa2
UAC
GGG anticodon
start codon
stop codon
aa2
UAC GGG AUG CCC GGG CGC ACA CGU UUC UGA
aa2
UAC GGG AUG CCC GGG CGC ACA CGU UUC UGA
aa3 tRNA
aa1 tRNA
aa2
CCC
aa1 tRNA
aa2 tRNA
aa3
GGG CCC AUG CCC GGG CGC ACA CGU UUC UGA
aa1
aa2
aa3
aa4
aa5
aa6
aa7
aa8
tRNA