Torsion

Torsional Deformation of a circular shaft,

Torsion Formula , Power Transmission


1
Torsional Deformation of
a circular shaft
2
x BD A = A = |
| | d A
dx
d|
=
dx
d
c
|
=
max
max
max

|
c
c dx
d
=
= =
Length BD
when
dx x A
The Torsion Formula
3
Angular strain is proptional to shear stress:
max
t

t
c
=
Mean:
highest shear stress: will be at farthest
away from center
At the center point, there will be no
angular strain and therefore no shear
stress is developed.
The Torsion Formula
4
}
}
}
=
=
=
=
=
A
A
A
dA
c
T
dA
c
T
dA T
dA dT
dA dF
2
max
max
) (

t
t

t
t
t
J
Tc
dA J
dA
c
T
A
A
=
=
=
}
}
max
2
2
max
t

t
J
Tc
=
max
t Maximum shear stress due to torsion
Shear stress due to torsion at radius
J
T
t =
J: Polar moment of area
Polar Moment of Inertia
5
Polar Moment of Inertia (J)
32
2
4
4
d
c J
t
t
=
=
Solid shaft
32
) (
) (
2
4 4
4 4
i o
i o
d d
c c J

=
=
t
t
Tubular shaft
Solve it!
The solid circular shaft is subjected to an
internal torque of T= 5kNm. Determine
the shear stress developed at point A
and B. Represent each state of stress on
a volume of element.
Solve it!
The solid circular shaft is subjected to an
internal torque of T= 5kNm. Determine
the shear stress developed at point A
and B. Represent each state of stress on
a volume of element.
MPa
r
T
A
7 . 49
2 / ) 40 (
) 40 ( ) 10 )( 5000 (
2 /
4
3
4
= = =
t t

t
MPa
r
T
B
3 . 37
2 / ) 40 (
) 30 ( ) 10 )( 5000 (
2 /
4
3
4
= = =
t t

t
Example 1
The shaft shown in figure is supported
by two bearings and is subjected to
three torques. Determine the shear
stress developed at points A and B,
located at section a-a of the shaft.
J
T
t =
Point A
R = 0.075 m
J = J
total
T = internal torque
Point B
R = 0.015 m
J = J
total
T = internal torque
4 6 4 4
) 10 ( 7 . 49 ) 75 (
2 2
mm c J = = =
t t
T=4.25 3.0 = 1.25 kNm
MPa
mm
mm Nmm
J
T
A
886 . 1
) 10 ( 7 . 49
) 75 ( ) 10 ( 1250
4 6
3
= = =

t
MPa
mm
mm Nmm
J
T
B
377 . 0
) 10 ( 7 . 49
) 15 ( ) 10 ( 1250
4 6
3
= = =

t
Solve it!
10
Determine the maximum shear stress developed in the shaft at
section a-a.
11
J
T
t =
Maximum Torsional Shear
T:2100 Nm = 2100(10)
3
Nmm
: 40 mm
J: tubular
4 6 4 4 4 4
) 10 ( 75 . 2 ) 30 40 (
2
) (
2
mm r R J = = =
t t
MPa
J
Tr
55 . 30
) 10 ( 75 . 2
) 40 ( ) 10 ( 2100
6
3
max
= = = t
Polar Moment of Area
Max torsional shear when r = 40mm
Solve it!
12
The solid shaft has a diameter of 40 mm. Determine the absolute
maximum shear stress in the shaft.
13
Maximum Torsional Shear
T:70 Nm = 70(10)
3
Nmm
: 20 mm
J: solid r =20 mm
MPa
r
Tr
J
Tr
57 . 5
20 )
2
(
) 20 ( ) 10 ( 70
)
2
(
4
3
4
max
= =
= =
t
t
t
Power Transmission
14
Power
= T P =
P: power (1 Watt = 1 Nm/s)
T: torque (Nm)
e: radian/s
)
sec
min
(
60
1
) ( 2 )
min
( sec) / (
rev
rad rev
n rad t = =
Input n(rpm)
Input frequency of shaft rotation f rad t = 2 sec) / ( =
Solve it !
The gear motor can develop 1.6kW when it turns at 450
rev/min. If the shaft has a diameter of 25mm, determine
the maximum shear stress developed in the shaft.
Calculate the T
MPa
c
Tc
J
Tc
07 . 11
2 / ) 5 . 12 (
) 5 . 12 ( ) 10 ( 96 . 33
2 /
4
3
4 max
=
=
= =
t
t
t
s rad
rev
rad rev
rad
/ 12 . 47
)
sec
min
(
60
1
) ( 2 )
min
( 450 sec) / (
=
= t =
Nm
w
P
T 96 . 33
12 . 47
1600
= = =
Maximum shear
stress
Solve it !
The gear motor can develop 2.4kW when it turns at 150
rev/min. If the allowable shear stress for the shaft is t
allow

= 84 Mpa, determine the smallest of the shaft to nearest
multiples of 5mm that can be used.
Solve it !
Calculate the T
3
4
3
4 max
/ 320 , 97
2 / ) (
) ( ) 10 ( 87 . 152
2 /
c
c
c
c
Tc
J
Tc
=
=
= =
t
t
t
s rad
rev
rad rev
rad
/ 7 . 15
)
sec
min
(
60
1
) ( 2 )
min
( 150 sec) / (
=
= t =
Nm
w
P
T 87 . 152
7 . 15
2400
= = =
Maximum shear
stress
mm d
d
c
c
all
25
21
5 . 10
84 / 320 , 97
3
max
=
=
=
=
=t t
Calculate d
Angle Twist
Lecture 1
19
JG
TL
= |

=
JG
TL
|
Sign Convention
Lecture 1
20
Right hand rule
+ve: direction of the thumb is away
from the part
Solve it!
The splined ends and gears attached to the A-36 steel
shaft are subjected to the torques shown. Determine the
angle of twist of end B with respect to end A. The shaft
has a diameter of 40 mm.
JG
L T
JG
L T
JG
L T
JG
TL
DB DB CD CD AC AC
+ + =
=

|
300Nm
500Nm 200Nm
400Nm
300Nm Tac= 300Nm
300Nm
500Nm
Tcd=200Nm
Tdb =400Nm
400Nm
JG JG
L T
AC AC
AC
) 300 ( ) 10 )( 300 (
3

= = |
JG JG
L T
CD CD
CD
) 400 ( ) 10 )( 200 (
3
= = |
JG JG
L T
DB DB
DB
) 500 ( ) 10 )( 400 (
3
= = |
o
T
rad
JG
578 . 0 01008 . 0
) 10 )( 75 ( ) 20 )( 2 / (
) 10 )( 000 , 190 ( ) 10 )( 000 , 190 (
3 4
3 3
= =
= =
t
|
Total angle of twist:
Solve it !
The two shafts are made of A-36 steel. Each has a
diameter of 25mm, and they are supported by bearings at
A, B and C, which allow free rotation. If the support at D is
fixed, determine of the angle of twist of end B and A when
the toques are applied to the assembly as shown.
N F
F
T T
F
F
G F
600
) 10 ( 60 ) 100 (
3
=
=
=
Nm Nmm
F T
T T
E D
F E
90 000 , 90
) 150 ( 600 150
= =
= =
=
F
F
F
E
Direction of F
F
Direction of F
E
Equilibrium of shaft AGFB
Equilibrium at gear F and E
Nm T
T
D
D
30
0 90 120
=
= +
Direction of F
F
Equilibrium of shaft DCE
F
E
12ONm
9ONm
3ONm

=
JG
TL
|
3ONm
3ONm
JG JG
L T
DC DC
DC
) 250 ( ) 10 )( 30 (
3
= = |
9ONm 9ONm
JG JG
L T
CE CE
CE
) 750 ( ) 10 )( 90 (
3

= = |
rad
JG JG
L T
CE CE
E
3
3 4
3 3
) 10 ( 02086 . 0
) 10 ( 75 ) 5 . 12 ( 2 /
) 10 ( 000 , 60 ) 10 ( 000 , 60

=

= =
t
|
rad
R
R
R L
R L
F
E E
F
F F
E E
03129 . 0
100
) 150 ( 02086 . 0
13
12
=
=
=
=
=
|
|
|
|
Length of arc 12 = length of 13
1
2 3
Angle of twist at end B = angle of twist at F FB : there is no torque
rad
B
3
) 10 ( 129 . 3

= |
Angle of twist at end A
o
A
F A F A
rad
JG
TL
09 . 2 0365 . 0
) 10 ( 215 . 5 03129 . 0
) 10 )( 75 ( ) 5 . 12 ( 2 /
) 250 ( ) 10 ( 60
) 10 ( 129 . 3
) 10 ( 129 . 3
3
3 4
3
3
3
/
= =
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =

t
|
| | |