Prepared by:

Agbulos, Cabanag, Castro, Fernandez, Lagos, Lavador, Quijano, Tugano

Note: Prostate Cancers require testosterone to grow or spread. Surgery * Prostatectomy Surgically removing the prostate and is useful for cancer that is confined to the prostate. * Bilateral Orchiectomy The oldest form of hormonal therapy by which both the testes are removed. It greatly slows the growth of prostate cancer but produces the side effects of low testosterone.

Prostate Cancer

Medical

* Leuprolide and Goserelin drugs that prevent the * Anti-androgens: Flutamide, Bicalutamide,

pituitary glands from stimulating the testes to make testosterone Nilutamide drugs that block testosterones effects.

Prostate Cancer

Radiation Therapy

* May cure cancers that are confined to the prostate,

as well as cancers that have invaded tissues around the prostate ( but not cancer that has spread to distant organs) prostate cancer to the bone but cannot cure the cancer itself

* It can relieve pain resulting from the spread of

Prostate Cancer

Surgery * Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP): A treatment that uses electrical current passed through a thin wire loop as a knife to remove abnormal tissue or cancer. * Cryosurgery: A treatment that uses an instrument to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue, such as carcinoma in situ. This type of treatment is also called cryotherapy. * Radical trachelectomy . This removes the cervix, part of the vagina, and the pelvic lymph nodes (lymph node dissection). But the uterus is left in place.

Cervical Cancer

* Hysterectomy with or without removal of the

ovaries. This removes the cervix and related organs where recurrence would be most likely.

Radiation therapy

* Uses high energy x-rays to kill cancer cells. These xrays can be given externally in a procedure that is much like having a diagnostic x-ray. This is called external beam radiation therapy. This treatment usually takes 6 to 7 weeks to complete.

Cervical Cancer

* Brachytherapy, or internal radiation therapy are used

to treat cervical cancer in women who have had a hysterectomy, the radioactive material is placed in a cylinder in the vagina.

Medical

* Alkylating Agent: These drugs modify the bases of

DNA, interfering with DNA replication and transcription (Cisplatin, Mitomycin, Ifosfamide)

Cervical Cancer

* Antimetabolites: These drugs ultimately interfere

with DNA replication and therefore cell division. (5-Fluorouracil)

Cervical Cancer

Intervention:

*
* * * *

Encourage the patient to urinate every 2-4 hours and when it suddenly felt. Observation of the flow of urine, note the size and strength. Percussion / palpation of the suprapubic area. Encourage fluid intake to 3000 ml per day. Monitor vital signs closely Collaboration in the provision of drugs.

Intervention:

Ensure adequate fluid hydration but limit fluids at mealtime.

satiety.

* Necessary to eliminate wastes yet too much fluid can lead to early * Enhances appetite.

* Advise family to serve patients favourite foods. * Encourage frequent oral hygiene.
* Increases comfort. * Reduces unpleasant mouth sensation after drug therapy.

* Provide pain relief measures as necessary.

* Encourage nutritional supplements and high-protein

foods.

* Adds protein and calories to meet nutritional

requirements.

* Encourage family and friends not to nag or cajole

patient about eating.
stress.

* Pressuring patient may cause conflict and unnecessary

* Administer appetite stimulants as prescribed.

* Improves appetite.

I: Promote good handwashing procedures by staff and visitors. Screen/limit visitors who may have infections. Place in reverse isolation as indicated. R: Protects patient from sources of infection, such as visitors and staff who may have an upper respiratory infection (URI). I: Emphasize personal hygiene. R: Limits potential sources of infection and/or secondary overgrowth I: Reposition frequently; keep linens dry and wrinkle-free. R: Reduces pressure and irritation to tissues and may prevent skin breakdown (potential site for bacterial growth)

I: Promote adequate rest/exercise periods R: Limits fatigue, yet encourages sufficient movement to prevent stasis complications, e.g., pneumonia, decubitus, and thrombus formation. I: Monitor temperature. R: Temperature elevation may occur because of various factors, e.g., chemotherapy side effects, disease process, or infection. Early identification of infectious process enables appropriate therapy to be started promptly.

I: Monitor CBC with differential WBC and granulocyte count, and platelets as indicated. R: Bone marrow activity may be inhibited by effects of chemotherapy, the disease state, or radiation therapy.

I: Administer antibiotics as indicated. R: May be used to treat identified infection or given prophylactically in immunocompromised patient.
I: Promote adequate rest/exercise periods R: Limits fatigue, yet encourages sufficient movement to prevent stasis complications, e.g., pneumonia, decubitus, and thrombus formation.

* Encourage rest periods during the day especially

before and after physical exertion.

* Promote patients normal sleep habits. * Encourage patient to ask for others assistance with
necessary chores.

* Conserves energy.

* Helps restore energy levels.

* Conserves energy.

* Encourage use of relaxation techniques such as

music therapy and mental imagery.

* Decreases physical fatigue.

*Encourage adequate protein and caloric intake.

* Decreases activity intolerance.

*Instruct on how to do ROM exercises as

tolerated.

* To avoid joint stiffness and promote circulation.

*Assist in rearranging schedule and organize

activities to conserve energy expenditure.

* Reduces energy loses and stressors.

I: Provide open, nonjudgmental environment. Use therapeutic communication skills of Active-Listening, acknowledgment, and so on. R: Promotes and encourages realistic dialogue about feelings and concerns. I: Encourage verbalization of thoughts/concerns and accept expressions of sadness, anger, rejection. R: Acknowledge normality of these feelings. Patient may feel supported in expression of feelings by the understanding that deep and often conflicting emotions are normal and experienced by others in this difficult situation.