Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation, 6th Ed. Introductory Chemistry, 6th Ed. Basic Chemistry, 6th Ed.

by Steven S. Zumdahl & Donald J. DeCoste University of Illinois

Chapter 16
Acids and Bases

Properties of Acids
Sour taste Change color of vegetable dyes (indicators) React with active metals
Like Al, Zn, Fe, but not Cu, Ag or Au Zn + 2 HClZnCl2 + H2

Corrosive React with carbonates, producing CO2

Marble, baking soda, chalk CaCO3 + 2 HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O

React with bases to form ionic salts, and often water

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Properties of Bases
Also known as alkalis Bitter Taste Feel slippery Change color of vegetable dyes
Different color than acid Litmus = blue

React with acids to form ionic salts, and often water (HCl + NaOH NaCl + HOH)
Neutralization
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Lab Results
Bases (X+ + OH-)
Acids (H+ + A-)

Taste Bitter Feel (choose slippery Slippery or not slippery) pH (# from the key) >7 Litmus (blue or red) RedBlue ClearPink Phenolphthalein (Fuschia) Bromothymol Blue Magnesium NR Limestone CaCO3 NR
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Sour

Not slippery
<7 BlueRed
Stayed clear (cloudy)

Yellow
Bubbles (H2)
Bubbles (CO2)
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Mnemonic Device
H+ A pH = litmus

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clea ROY G 1 7 BTB universal phenolphthalein

B+OHBIV uschia 14

6 6
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Arrhenius Theory
Acids ionize in water to H+ ions and anions Bases ionize in water to OH- ions and cations Neutralization reaction involves H+ combining with OH- to make water H+ ions are protons

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Arrhenius Theory (cont.)

Definition only good in water solution Definition does not explain why ammonia solutions turn litmus blue
Basic without OH- ions

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Brnsted-Lowery Theory
H+ transfer reaction
Since H+ is a proton, also known as proton transfer reactions

In the reaction, a proton from the acid molecule is transferred to the base molecule

Products are called the conjugate acid and conjugate base

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Brnsted-Lowery Theory (cont.)

H-A + :B A- + H-B+ A- is the conjugate base, H-B+ is the conjugate acid Conjugate acid-base pair is either the original acid and its conjugate base or the original base and its conjugate acid
H-A and A- are a conjugate acid-base pair :B and H-B+ are a conjugate acid-base pair

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Complete the following table

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Complete the following table

Produces H+ ions in solution Proton donor

Produces OHions in solution Proton acceptor

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Example #1:
Write the conjugate base for the acid H3PO4

Determine what species you will get if you remove 1 H+1 from the acid. Conjugate base will have one more negative charge than the original acid
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4-

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Brnsted-Lowery Theory (cont.)

In this theory, instead of the acid, HA, dissociating into H+(aq) and A- (aq), the acid donates its H to a water molecule
HA + H2O A- + H3O+ A-1 is the conjugate base H3O+ is the conjugate acid

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Brnsted-Lowery Theory (cont.)

H3O+ is called the hydronium ion In this theory, substances that do not have OH- ions can act as a base if they can accept a H+1 from water. H2O + :B OH- + H-B+

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Acids in Water

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Identify the acid and base in the following reaction

Conjugate acid-base pair Conjugate acid-base pair

acid

base

Conjugate acid (hydronium ion)

Conjugate base

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Bases in Water
Conjugate acid-base pair Conjugate acid-base pair

base

acid

Conjugate acid (hydronium ion)

Conjugate base

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Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs

HSO4- + H2O SO42- + H3O+ HCO3- + H2O OH- + H2CO3 HC2H3O2 + H2O C2H3O2- + H3O+

HPO42- + H2O H2PO4- + OH-

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Identify the conjugate acid-base pairs

HSO4- + H2O SO42- + H3O+ A B CB CA HCO3- + H2O OH- + H2CO3 B CA CB CA HC2H3O2 + H2O C2H3O2- + H3O+ A B CB CA HPO42- + H2O H2PO4- + OHB A CA CB
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Complete the following tables

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Complete the following tables

NO3H2O OHH2SO4

OHH3O+ HCO3HSO4-

Br-

ClO4-

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Strength of Acids & Bases

The stronger the acid, the more willing it is to donate H+ (i.e. 100% dissociation)

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Strength of Acids & Bases (cont.)

Strong bases will react completely with water to form hydroxide: CO3-2 + H2O HCO3- + OH-

Only small fraction of weak base molecules pull H+ off water: HCO3- + H2O H2CO3 + OH-

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Multiprotic Acids
Monoprotic acids have 1 acid H, diprotic 2, etc.
In oxyacids only the H on the O is acidic (why?)

In strong multiprotic acids, like H2SO4, only the first H is strong; transferring the second H is usually weak H2SO4 + H2O H3O+ + HSO4HSO4- + H2O H3O+ + SO4-2

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What new words describe H2SO4?

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What new words describe H2SO4?

Strong acid 100% dissociated (i.e. strong electrolyte) Diprotic (two protons that it can donate) Oxyacid (contains oxygen) Note: since it is a strong acid HSO4- is a weak base (strong acids always form weak conjugate bases)

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Water As an Acid and a Base

Amphoteric substances can act as either an acid or a base.
Water as an acid, NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH Water as a base, HCl + H2O H3O+ + Cl-

Water can even react with itself: H2O + H2O H3O + + OH-

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Autoionization of Water
Water is an extremely weak electrolyte.
Therefore there must be a few ions present

H2O + H2OH3O+ + OH-

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* Acidic and Basic Solutions *

Acidic solutions have a larger [H+] than [OH-] Basic solutions have a larger [OH-] than [H+]

Neutral solutions have [H+]=[OH-]= 1 x 10-7 M

Kw= [H+][OH-]= 1 x 10-14

[H+]

1 x 10-14 [OH-]

[OH-]

-14 1 x 10 = [H+]

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pH scale

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Example #2
Determine the [H+] and [OH-] in a 10.0 M H+ solution

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Example #2 (cont.)
Determine the given information and the information you need to find
Given [H+] = 10.0 M, find [OH-]

Kw [H ] x [OH- ] Kw [OH ] [H ]
-

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Example #2 (cont.)

Given [H+] = 10.0 M = 1.00 x 101 M Kw = 1.0 x 10-14

Kw [OH ] [H ]
-14 1.0 x 10 -15 [OH ] 1.0 x 10 M 1 1.00 x 10

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pH & pOH
The acidity/basicity of a solution is often expressed as pH or pOH. pH = -log[H3O+] pOH = -log[OH-] pHwater = -log[10-7] = 7 = pOHwater [H+] = 10-pH [OH-] = 10-pOH

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pH & pOH (cont.)

pH < 7 is acidic; pH > 7 is basic, pH = 7 is neutral The lower the pH, the more acidic the solution; the higher the pH, the more basic the solution 1 pH unit corresponds to a factor of 10 difference in acidity

14 = pH + pOH

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Example #3
Calculate the pH of a solution with a [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-6 M

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Example #3 (cont.)
Find the concentration of [H+]
Kw [H ] [OH ]
-14 1.0 x 10 -8 [H ] 1.0 x 10 M -6 1.0 x 10

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Example #3 (cont.)
Enter the [H+] concentration into your calculator and press the log key
log(1.0 x 10-8) = -8.0

Change the sign to get the pH

pH = -(-8.0) = 8.0

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Example #4
Calculate the pH and pOH of a solution with a [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-3 M Enter the [H+] or [OH-] concentration into your calculator and press the log key
log(1.0 x 10-3) = -3.0

Change the sign to get the pOH

pOH = -(-3) = 3.0

Subtract the calculated pH or pOH from 14.00 to get the other value
pH = 14.00 3.0 = 11.0
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Example #5
Calculate the [OH-] of a solution with a pH of 7.41

If you want to calculate [OH-] use pOH; if you want [H+] use pH. It may be necessary to convert one to the other using 14 = [H+] + [OH-]
pOH = 14.00 7.41 = 6.59

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Example #5 (cont.)
Enter the pH or pOH concentration into your calculator Change the sign of the pH or pOH
-pOH = -(6.59)

Press the button(s) on you calculator to take the inverse log or 10x
[OH-] = 10-6.59 = 2.6 x 10-7 M

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Calculating the pH of a Strong, Monoprotic Acid

A strong acid will dissociate 100% HA H+ + A Therefore the molarity of H+ ions will be the same as the molarity of the acid Once the H+ molarity is determined, the pH can be determined pH = -log[H+]

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Example #6
Calculate the pH of a 0.10 M HNO3 solution. pH means log of [H+] pH = - log [0.10] pH = - log [ 1 x 10-1] pH = 1 note the exponent!
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Example #6 (cont.)
Determine the [H+] from the acid concentration
HNO3 H+ + NO30.10 M HNO3 = 0.10 M H+

Enter the [H+] concentration into your calculator and press the log key
log(0.10) = -1.00

Change the sign to get the pH

pH = -(-1.00) = 1.00

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Practice Problems
A HCl solution is 8.34 x 10-5 mole/liter. Estimate, then calculate the pH of the solution. What is the [OH-] of a solution whose pOH = 2.86 ? What is the [OH-] of a solution whose [H+] = 0.001M The pH of a soft drink is determined to be 4.0. What is the [OH-] of the drink?

What is the pH of a 0.001 M Mg(OH)2 solution? (Assume 100% dissociation)

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Practice Problems
A HCl solution is 8.34 x 10-5 mole/liter. Estimate, then calculate the pH of the solution. pH < 5 (see the exponent) pH = - log [H+] pH = - log[8.34 x 10-5] pH = 4.079 (pH < 7, acidic)
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Practice Problems
What is the [OH-] of a solution whose pOH = 2.86 ? pOH means log[OH-] -log[OH-] = 2.86 log[OH-] = - 2.86 [OH-] = 10-2.86 [OH-] = 0.0014 M since [OH-]>[H+] solution is basic
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Practice Problems
What is the [OH-] of a solution whose [H+] = 0.001M [H+][OH-] = 1 x 10-14 [0.001][OH-] = 1 x 10-14 [OH-] = 1 x 10-11 Since [OH-] < [H+] solution is acidic
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Practice Problems
The pH of a soft drink is determined to be 4.0. What is the [OH-] of the drink? pH + pOH = 14 4 + pOH = 14 pOH = 10 -log [OH] = 10 [OH-] = 10-10 since [OH-] < [H+] soda is acidic
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Practice Problems
What is the pH of a 0.001 M Mg(OH)2 solution? (Assume 100% dissociation) [OH-] = 2 * 0.001 pOH = - log [0.002] pOH = 2.699 pH + pOH = 14 pH = 14 2.699 = 11.30 (pH > 7, basic)
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Challenge Questions
What is the pOH of a 0.0025 M acetic acid solution that is only 8.5% dissociated? How much more acidic is a solution whose pH is 6.0 compared to a solution whose pH is 12.0? What is the resulting pH if equal volumes of solutions are mixed, one with a pH of 6.0 and one with a pH of 12.0?
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Challenge Questions
What is the pOH of a 0.0025 M acetic acid solution that is only 8.5% dissociated? HA H+ + A0.0025 0 0 - 2.125 x 10-4 + 2.125 x 10-4 +2.125 x 10-4

0.0025 * 0.085 = 2.125 x 10-4 M [H+] 14 (-log(2.125 x 10-4) =

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Challenge Questions
How much more acidic is a solution whose pH is 6.0 compared to a solution whose pH is 12.0? pH = 6, [H+] = 0.000001 pH = 12 [H+] = 0.000000000001

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Challenge Questions
What is the resulting pH if equal volumes of solutions are mixed, one with a pH of 6.0 and one with a pH of 12.0? pH = 6, [H+] = 0.000001 pH = 12 [H+] = 0.000000000001 (0.000001 + 0.000000000001)/2 = - log ( ) =
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Titration
Laboratory Set-up Sample Problem Determine the unknown concentration of HCl if 25.0 mL of the acid are neutralized with 50.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH. H+ + OH- HOH

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Practice Problems
Calculate the volume of 0.300 M HCl needed to titrate 75.00 mL of 0.1500 M KOH(aq). Determine the volume of 0.100 M NaOH needed to reach the equivalence (end) point against 50.0 mL of 0.200 M HNO3.

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Buffered Solutions
Buffered solutions resist change in pH when an acid or base is added to it. Used when need to maintain a certain pH in the system
Blood

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Buffered Solutions (cont.)

A buffer solution contains a weak acid and its conjugate base.
Buffers work by reacting with added H+ or OHions so they do not accumulate and change the pH. Buffers will only work as long as there are sufficient weak acid and conjugate base molecules present.

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Challenge Question
Give two components of a buffer. Identify which component will react with added acid, show using a balanced equation. Identify which component will react with added base, show using a balanced equation.

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