Beruflich Dokumente
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Siufui Hendrawan Biochemisty and Biology Molecular School of Medicine - Tarumanagara University
Epithelial
Primarily used for protection Very little extracellular material between cells Endothelium: specialized epithelial cells in blood vessels Connective Primarily used for support Muscle Primarily used for movement Nerve Primarily used for control
Connective tissues
Tissues specialized for maintenance of integrity and
support of organs Made from matrix proteins and cells in different composition and proportions Loose, dense or specialized such as bone or cartilage
Type of Connective tissues 1. Loose connective tissue Underlies epithelia in soft places such as GI tract and lungs Found around organs Few fibers, some cells, sparse ECM ECM of hyaluronan and proteoglycans supported by collagen and elastic fibers Cells mostly fibroblasts and migratory immune cells, adipocytes
Connective Tissue
Matrix - non-living component of connective tissue = Extracellular Matrix (ECM): A collection of proteins and carbohydrates produced by cells that forms a matrix outside the cell Ground Substance
Adhesive protein
fibrilin, fibronectin, laminin
Fibers
Collagen, Elastin, and Reticular Fibers
Two classes of connective tissue cells Indigenous Immigrant Functions Produce extracellular matrix Defend against infections Storage of foodstuffs in form of easily accessible fats
Immigrant cells of connective tissue Blood cells All derive from a stem cell in bone marrow
Proteoglycans
Proteoglycans
Complex of a core protein and glycosaminoglycans GAGs are linear, repeating disaccharides with amine
modifications Often sulfated Always negative Thus, the hydrophilic GAGs spring away from one another, and form a hydrated matrix
Proteoglycans
Collagen is the major structural protein of vertebrate extracellular matrix. Types of collagen
i)The fibers have diameter between 80 to 160nm. ii)Found in bone, dentin, skin, tendon, muscles and walls of blood vessels.
Collagen type I
Collagen type II
i)Found in spleen, muscle, and aorta. Found around different types of in the basement membranes and muscles. It is found in embryonic cell cultures and the basement membranes.
Collagen type VI
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF DENSE COLLAGEN FIBERS OF GINGIVA Collagen acts as the support structure in tissues and facilitates the live and function of cells. HEALTHY GINGIVA CONTAINS MANY FIBROBLASTS AND A FEW INFLAMMATORY CELLS SUCH AS MACROPHAGES ,NEUTROPHILS, PLASMA CELLS AND LYMPHOCYTES.
Collagen
a. protein high in
content of AA, glycine, proline, hydroxyproline and many AA missing b. Protein helix is linearly oriented-3 chains twisted around each other in a fibril. H bonding between the chains.
The tropocollagen cables are lined up head-to-tail in rows that are staggered by 64 nm along their long axes and crosslinked at their ends to improve strength
OtherTypes of Fibers
Reticular Fibers:
Actually very fine collagen fibers Usually form a network Fill space between other tissues & organs Contained in the reticular laminae Contain protein called ELASTIN Elastin molecules look like coiled springs Return to original shape after distortion
Elastic Fibers:
uncoils into a more extended conformation when the fiber is tretched and recoils spontaneously as soon as the stretching force is relaxed.
Elastin is a protein in connective tissue that is elastic and allows many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting.
Elastin serves an
important function in arteries and is particularly abundant in large elastic blood vessels such as the aorta. Elastin is also very important in the lungs, elastic ligaments, the skin, the bladder, elastic cartilage
acids glycine, valine, alanine, and proline. It is a specialized protein with a molecular weight of 64 to 66 kDa, and an irregular or random coil conformation made up of 830 amino acids. tropoelastin protein molecules, in a reaction catalyzed by lysyl oxidase, to make a massive insoluble, durable cross-linked array. The amino acid responsible for these cross-links is lysine.
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome -
deficient type III collagen- a genetic disease causing progressive deterioration of collagens, with different EDS types affecting different sites in the body, such as joints, heart valves, organ walls, arterial walls, etc.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
results in a dramatic weakening in the structure of bone, which leads to frequent fractures occurring at an early age. The fractures, in turn, lead to permanent deformaties of the extremities.
Lung Fibrosis (Cystic Fibrosis) excess glandular secretions (mucous) Liver Cirrhosis irreversible scarring (fiber deposition) in the liver
Insufficient Collagen
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - rubber man - contortionist disease Osteogenesis Imperfecta - brittle bones Scurvey -Vitmain C deficiency
Too few hydrogen bonds in the formation of the collagen molecule Inferior tissue formation in bones, blood vessels, skin, and teeth
Lupus Erythematosus
Collagen damage and inflammation - can occur anywhere in the body Most Common areas affected: skin, articular tissue, Some have inner organ problems
(heart, lungs, kidneys, blood vessels, brain)
Bone Connective tissue that provides mechanical support and protection Mostly calcified matrix with few cells Very important storage of calcium Mechanical strength derived both from composition and overall organization Spongy or compact
Highly vascular and well innervated Contains lymph channels Functions in mineral storage and blood cell production besides support, protection, and movement Influences on Bone Growth: Levels of Ca++, Phosphorous, Vitamin D, HGH, estrogen, testosterone
Chemistry of the bone A. Cells B. Extracellular matrix - Osteoid uncalcified bone matrix - Mineral Organized in rounded structures called osteons
Osteons
Principal organizing feature of compact bone Haversian canal place for the nerve blood and lymphatic vessels Lamellae collagen deposition layers Osteocytes (bone cells) localized in lacunae
A. Bone Cells 1. Osteocytes Trapped osteoblasts Keep bone matrix in good condition and can release calcium ions from bone matrix when calcium demands increase Connected to each other by long filopodia that run through narrow channels in calcified matrix canalliculi
2. Osteoblasts Make collagen well developed secretory organelles Activate crystallization of hydroxyapatite onto the collagen matrix, forming new bone As they become enveloped by the collagenous matrix they produce, they transform into osteocytes
3. Osteoclasts
Resorbe bone matrix from sites where it is deteriorating or not needed Multinucleated giant cells Focal decalcification and extracellular digestion by acid hydrolases and uptake of digested material
Osteoid Collagen type I arranged in a mesh Layers of various orientations (add to the strength of the matrix) Other proteins 10% of the bone protein
Mineral
A calcium phosphate/carbonate compound resembling the mineral hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 Hydroxyapatite crystals Imperfect Contain Mg, Na, K
Bone formation
Osteoblast synthesize and secrete type I collagen Collagen molecules form fibrils Fibrils stagger and overlap themselves Mineral deposition Fibers join to form the framework
Bone remodeling process Constant process Proceeds in cycles - first resorption than bone formation The calcium content of bone turns over with a half-time of 1-5 years
Bone remodeling Sequential processes of resorption and formation
Phase II Osteoclast resorb bone creating a cavity Macrophages clean up Phase III New bone laid down by osteoblasts Takes 3 months
Osteoporosis
Cartilage Very resilient connective tissue Covers the articular surfaces of joints Supports large airways, nose, ears etc Also embryonic precursor of bone during embryonic development Primarily glycosoaminoglycans with few fibers and very few cells
Cartilage
- Organized in megacomplexes - Hydration increases pressure resilience Cells chondrocytes - Synthesize ECM - Limited turnover abilities
JOINTS
Classification of Joints Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
Gout
Gout is caused by excessive uric acid level in the blood and tissue. This problem can be cause by overproduction of purine nucleotides or a decreased ability to excrete uric acid.
Muscle Tissue
Muscle tissue functions
Movement
Posture Joint stabilization Heat generation
(11.5a)
voluntary
Cardiac
Heart, striated,
involuntary
Smooth
Nonstriated,
Myofilaments
Actin thin filaments Myosin thick filaments
Skeletal muscle
(40% of Body weight)
Composition:
75% water 20% protein (myosin, actin,
tropomyosin, myoglobin
5% inorganic salts, high energy
phosphates, urea, lactic acid, minerals (Ca, Mg, P), enzymes, pigments, ions of Na, K,Cl, and amino acids and carbohydrates.
Striations: Alternating light and
dark bands.
muscle
myofibril
fascicle
fiber
T tubules
Invaginations of
sarcolemma Runs between myofibrils Conducts electrical impulses from sarcolemma Excites SR to release Ca++
(10.8)
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
SR surrounds each
Motor Unit
Definition: a motor neuron
and all the muscle fibers it innervates. When a motor neuron fires, all muscle fibers in the motor unit contract.
All or none principle
hundreds to four muscle fibers (average ~ 150) Each muscle fibers receives one NMJ
(14.6)
Muscle contraction
AP to axon terminal
ACh released AChR activated
Muscle excited
Excitation travels down t-tubule SR releases Ca++
Ca++
(14.5b)
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/myosin.ht ml
Sources of ATP
Phosphocreatine (PC) Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation
Fibromyalgia- pain in muscles and connective tissues Muscular Dystrophy - an inherited disorder characterized
by progressive proximal muscle weakness with destruction of muscle fibers and replacement with connective tissue
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