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Tissue Types in the Human

Siufui Hendrawan Biochemisty and Biology Molecular School of Medicine - Tarumanagara University

Tissue Types in the Human

Epithelial

Primarily used for protection Very little extracellular material between cells Endothelium: specialized epithelial cells in blood vessels Connective Primarily used for support Muscle Primarily used for movement Nerve Primarily used for control

Connective tissues
Tissues specialized for maintenance of integrity and

support of organs Made from matrix proteins and cells in different composition and proportions Loose, dense or specialized such as bone or cartilage

Type of Connective tissues 1. Loose connective tissue Underlies epithelia in soft places such as GI tract and lungs Found around organs Few fibers, some cells, sparse ECM ECM of hyaluronan and proteoglycans supported by collagen and elastic fibers Cells mostly fibroblasts and migratory immune cells, adipocytes

2. Dense connective tissue


Lots of strong fibers, predominantly collagen Few cells, mostly fibroblasts Dependent on composition can be as hard as a bone or elastic as in skin Collagen can be arranged precisely such as in tendon or cornea or scattered as in skin Dense connective tissue can also be elastic (collagen and elastic fibers) as in skin or large arteries 3. Specialized connective tissue: bone or cartilage

Connective Tissue

Matrix - non-living component of connective tissue = Extracellular Matrix (ECM): A collection of proteins and carbohydrates produced by cells that forms a matrix outside the cell Ground Substance

Proteoglycan aggregates (PGA) - pine tree shaped molecules

Adhesive protein
fibrilin, fibronectin, laminin

Fibers
Collagen, Elastin, and Reticular Fibers

Cells - living component of connective tissue

Two classes of connective tissue cells Indigenous Immigrant Functions Produce extracellular matrix Defend against infections Storage of foodstuffs in form of easily accessible fats

Indigenous cells of connective tissue


Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells Proliferate and differentiate into fibroblasts , fat cells, chondrocytes Fibroblasts Synthesize most of ECM molecules (especially collagen) Mast cells Adipocytes (white fat cells)

Immigrant cells of connective tissue Blood cells All derive from a stem cell in bone marrow

Extracellular Matrix (ECM):


Functions: Support (bone and cartilage) Integrate cells into tissues (adhesion) Influence cell shape and cell movement Influence cell development and differentiation

Extracellular Matrix (ECM):

Proteoglycans

Proteoglycans
Complex of a core protein and glycosaminoglycans GAGs are linear, repeating disaccharides with amine

modifications Often sulfated Always negative Thus, the hydrophilic GAGs spring away from one another, and form a hydrated matrix

Proteoglycans

Types of Fibers Collagen


Fibrous protein in connective tissue structure Constitutes about 50% of the proteins in man Present to some degree in all human organ Formed of parallel fibrils High modulus of elasticity Many types (e.g. type I) Major constituent of tendons

Collagen is the major structural protein of vertebrate extracellular matrix. Types of collagen
i)The fibers have diameter between 80 to 160nm. ii)Found in bone, dentin, skin, tendon, muscles and walls of blood vessels.

Collagen type I

Collagen type II

i)have a diameter <80nm ii)found in invertiberal discs and hyaline cartilage.

Collagen type III Collagen type IV Collagen type V

i)Found in spleen, muscle, and aorta. Found around different types of in the basement membranes and muscles. It is found in embryonic cell cultures and the basement membranes.

Collagen type VI

It is found in muscle and skin.

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPH OF DENSE COLLAGEN FIBERS OF GINGIVA Collagen acts as the support structure in tissues and facilitates the live and function of cells. HEALTHY GINGIVA CONTAINS MANY FIBROBLASTS AND A FEW INFLAMMATORY CELLS SUCH AS MACROPHAGES ,NEUTROPHILS, PLASMA CELLS AND LYMPHOCYTES.

Collagen
a. protein high in

content of AA, glycine, proline, hydroxyproline and many AA missing b. Protein helix is linearly oriented-3 chains twisted around each other in a fibril. H bonding between the chains.

The hierarchical design of collagen.


The structural features of collagen ranges from the amino acid sequence, tropocollagen molecules, collagen fibrils to collagen fibers.

The tropocollagen cables are lined up head-to-tail in rows that are staggered by 64 nm along their long axes and crosslinked at their ends to improve strength

OtherTypes of Fibers

Reticular Fibers:

Actually very fine collagen fibers Usually form a network Fill space between other tissues & organs Contained in the reticular laminae Contain protein called ELASTIN Elastin molecules look like coiled springs Return to original shape after distortion

Elastic Fibers:

Collagen and elastin.


Elastin polypeptide

chains are crosslinked together to form rubberlike, elastic fibers.

Each elastin molecule

uncoils into a more extended conformation when the fiber is tretched and recoils spontaneously as soon as the stretching force is relaxed.

Elastin is a protein in connective tissue that is elastic and allows many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting.
Elastin serves an

important function in arteries and is particularly abundant in large elastic blood vessels such as the aorta. Elastin is also very important in the lungs, elastic ligaments, the skin, the bladder, elastic cartilage

Elastin is primarily composed of the amino

acids glycine, valine, alanine, and proline. It is a specialized protein with a molecular weight of 64 to 66 kDa, and an irregular or random coil conformation made up of 830 amino acids. tropoelastin protein molecules, in a reaction catalyzed by lysyl oxidase, to make a massive insoluble, durable cross-linked array. The amino acid responsible for these cross-links is lysine.

Elastin is made by linking many soluble

Disorders of connective tissue


Marfan syndrome - a genetic disease causing abnormal fibrillin. Scurvy - dietary deficiency in vitamin C, leading to abnormal collagen.

(hemorrhages, loose of teeth, gums swell and bleed easily)

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome -

deficient type III collagen- a genetic disease causing progressive deterioration of collagens, with different EDS types affecting different sites in the body, such as joints, heart valves, organ walls, arterial walls, etc.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

results in a dramatic weakening in the structure of bone, which leads to frequent fractures occurring at an early age. The fractures, in turn, lead to permanent deformaties of the extremities.

Diseases that Affect Collagen

Overproduction of Collagen Fibers


Atherosclerotic heart disease

Lung Fibrosis (Cystic Fibrosis) excess glandular secretions (mucous) Liver Cirrhosis irreversible scarring (fiber deposition) in the liver

Insufficient Collagen

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - rubber man - contortionist disease Osteogenesis Imperfecta - brittle bones Scurvey -Vitmain C deficiency
Too few hydrogen bonds in the formation of the collagen molecule Inferior tissue formation in bones, blood vessels, skin, and teeth

Diseases that Affect Collagen


Autoimmune Disorders that Damage Collagen

Lupus Erythematosus

Collagen damage and inflammation - can occur anywhere in the body Most Common areas affected: skin, articular tissue, Some have inner organ problems
(heart, lungs, kidneys, blood vessels, brain)

Bone Connective tissue that provides mechanical support and protection Mostly calcified matrix with few cells Very important storage of calcium Mechanical strength derived both from composition and overall organization Spongy or compact

Highly vascular and well innervated Contains lymph channels Functions in mineral storage and blood cell production besides support, protection, and movement Influences on Bone Growth: Levels of Ca++, Phosphorous, Vitamin D, HGH, estrogen, testosterone

Chemistry of the bone A. Cells B. Extracellular matrix - Osteoid uncalcified bone matrix - Mineral Organized in rounded structures called osteons

Osteons
Principal organizing feature of compact bone Haversian canal place for the nerve blood and lymphatic vessels Lamellae collagen deposition layers Osteocytes (bone cells) localized in lacunae

A. Bone Cells 1. Osteocytes Trapped osteoblasts Keep bone matrix in good condition and can release calcium ions from bone matrix when calcium demands increase Connected to each other by long filopodia that run through narrow channels in calcified matrix canalliculi

2. Osteoblasts Make collagen well developed secretory organelles Activate crystallization of hydroxyapatite onto the collagen matrix, forming new bone As they become enveloped by the collagenous matrix they produce, they transform into osteocytes

3. Osteoclasts
Resorbe bone matrix from sites where it is deteriorating or not needed Multinucleated giant cells Focal decalcification and extracellular digestion by acid hydrolases and uptake of digested material

B. Extracellular matrix of the bone

Bone contains both organic and inorganic material


- Organic : Tropocollagen subunits giving bone elasticity and fracture resistance (osteoid) - Inorganic : 65% of bone weight is calcium hydroxyapatite, sodium, magnesium, carbonate, and fluoride (mineral)

Osteoid Collagen type I arranged in a mesh Layers of various orientations (add to the strength of the matrix) Other proteins 10% of the bone protein

Mineral
A calcium phosphate/carbonate compound resembling the mineral hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 Hydroxyapatite crystals Imperfect Contain Mg, Na, K

Mineralization of the bone


Calcification occurs by extracellular deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals - Trapping of calcium and phosphate ions in concentrations that would initiate deposition of calcium phosphate in the solid phase, followed by its conversion to crystalline hydroxyapatite - Mechanisms exist to both initiate and inhibit calcification

Bone formation
Osteoblast synthesize and secrete type I collagen Collagen molecules form fibrils Fibrils stagger and overlap themselves Mineral deposition Fibers join to form the framework

Bone remodeling process Constant process Proceeds in cycles - first resorption than bone formation The calcium content of bone turns over with a half-time of 1-5 years
Bone remodeling Sequential processes of resorption and formation

3 phase process of bone remodeling (coordination of resorption and formation)


Phase I Signal from osteoblasts Precursor stimulation to become osteoclasts Process takes 10 days

Phase II Osteoclast resorb bone creating a cavity Macrophages clean up Phase III New bone laid down by osteoblasts Takes 3 months

Bone Diseases & Treatments

Osteoporosis

Cartilage Very resilient connective tissue Covers the articular surfaces of joints Supports large airways, nose, ears etc Also embryonic precursor of bone during embryonic development Primarily glycosoaminoglycans with few fibers and very few cells

Cartilage

ECM of collagen II crosslinked by collagen IX


Lots of glycosoaminoglycans and hyaluronan

- Organized in megacomplexes - Hydration increases pressure resilience Cells chondrocytes - Synthesize ECM - Limited turnover abilities

JOINTS
Classification of Joints Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

Joint Injuries Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions

- Arthritis - Osteoarthritis (OA) - Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - Gout

Gout
Gout is caused by excessive uric acid level in the blood and tissue. This problem can be cause by overproduction of purine nucleotides or a decreased ability to excrete uric acid.

Purine nucleotides: - IMP - AMP - GMP

Muscle Tissue
Muscle tissue functions
Movement
Posture Joint stabilization Heat generation

(11.5a)

Muscle tissue types


Skeletal
Striated,

voluntary
Cardiac
Heart, striated,

involuntary
Smooth
Nonstriated,

involuntary Table 10.2

Muscle tissue terminology


Fiber skeletal, cardiac & smooth muscle cell

Myofilaments
Actin thin filaments Myosin thick filaments

Sarcolemma plasma membrane Sarcoplasm cytoplasm

Skeletal muscle
(40% of Body weight)

Composition:
75% water 20% protein (myosin, actin,

tropomyosin, myoglobin
5% inorganic salts, high energy

phosphates, urea, lactic acid, minerals (Ca, Mg, P), enzymes, pigments, ions of Na, K,Cl, and amino acids and carbohydrates.
Striations: Alternating light and

dark bands.

Summary: skeletal muscle fibers

muscle

myofibril

fascicle

fiber

Myofilaments :actin & myosin

T tubules
Invaginations of

sarcolemma Runs between myofibrils Conducts electrical impulses from sarcolemma Excites SR to release Ca++

(10.8)

Sarcoplasmic reticulum
SR surrounds each

myofibril Stores Ca++


Release Ca++ for

contraction Ca++ uptake for relaxation

Motor Unit
Definition: a motor neuron

and all the muscle fibers it innervates. When a motor neuron fires, all muscle fibers in the motor unit contract.
All or none principle

A motor unit may contain

hundreds to four muscle fibers (average ~ 150) Each muscle fibers receives one NMJ

(14.6)

Muscle contraction
AP to axon terminal
ACh released AChR activated

Muscle excited
Excitation travels down t-tubule SR releases Ca++

activates sliding filament process Muscle contracts

Ca++

(14.5b)

http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/myosin.ht ml

Cross-Bridge Formation in Muscle Contraction

Energy for Muscle Contraction


ATP is required for muscle contraction
Myosin ATPase breaks down ATP as fiber contracts

Sources of ATP
Phosphocreatine (PC) Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation

Sources of ATP for Muscle Contraction

Muscle Diseases & Associated Therapy

Fibromyalgia- pain in muscles and connective tissues Muscular Dystrophy - an inherited disorder characterized
by progressive proximal muscle weakness with destruction of muscle fibers and replacement with connective tissue

Thank you

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