Stadia & EDM

Stadia Principles

Stadia is a tachometric form of distance measurement that relies on a fixed-angle intercept to optically measure the distance along the site path. Stadia is used on topographic surveys where limiting accuracy of 1/400 will be acceptable. The transit cross-hair has in addition to the normal cross hair two additional horizontal hairs.

Stadia Principles

The distances can be determined simply by sighting a rod with the telescope level and determining the rod interval.
D = 100S

Stadia Principles

Elevation can be determined by stadia in the manner illustrated in figure 7.4

Elevation of station A () + hi RR = elevation of point B (rod)

Stadia Principles
Figure 7.4 Stadia Principles. (a) Stadia hairs. (b) Distance determination (c) Elevation determination (d) Angle determination

Inclined Stadia Measurements

The distance from the instrument to the rod must be reduced from slope to horizontal The rod interval of a sloped sighting must be reduced to what the interval would have been if the line of sight had been perpendicular to the rod.

Inclined Stadia Measurements

Figure 7.5 illustrates the previous two considerations. The value of hi and the rod reading (RR) have been made equal to clarify the sketch

Inclined Stadia Measurements

The geometric relationships are as follows: (1) S is the rod interval, (2) S is the rod of angle when the line of sight is inclined by angle .
D = 100S S = S cos D = 100S cos H = D cos H = 100S cos2 V = D sin D = 100 S cos V = 100 S cos sin (7.1) (7.3) (7.4) (7.5) (7.6) (7.7) (7.4) (7.8) (Figure 7.4b) (Figure 7.5) [from eqs. (7.1) and (7.3)] (Figure 7.5) [from eqs. (7.4) and (7.5)] (Figure 7.5) [from eqs. (7.7) and (7.4)]

Inclined Stadia Measurements

Some theodolites will only read zenith angels (90-), making it necessary to modify eqs.(7.6) and (7.8). H=100S Sin**2(90-) V= 100S Sin(90-) cos(90-)
Equations (7.6) and (7.8) can be used in computing the horizontal distance and difference in elevation for any inclined stadia measurement.

Inclined Stadia Measurements

FIGUER 7.5

Inclined Stadia Measurements

Figure 7.6 shows the general case of an inclined stadia measurement which can be stated as follows: Elevation() station k= v RR= elevation (rod) point M (7.9) The relationship is valid for every stadia measurement. If the hi and RR are equal Eq. (7.9) becomes Elevation station K = V = elevation (rod) point M (7.10)

Examples of stadia Measurements

1.

2.

3.

There are three basic variations to a standard stadia measurement: The rod reading is taken to be the same as the hi. The rod reading is not the same as the hi The telescope is horizontal

Precision of stadia Measurements

Normal field practice permits accurate rod reading of 0.01 ft or 0.003 m for distance of 300ft or 100m. If rod intervals are read accordingly ,horizontal distances (100s) can be computed to the closest 1ft or 0.3m. The maximum relative accuracy of 1/300 to 1/400

Precision of stadia Measurements

Consistent reasoning indicates that differences in elevation (v) can be realistically computed to the closest 0.1ft or 0.03m

Establishing control by stadia methods

Stadia method can be used to establish secondary points or to establish closed traverses that will be used for topographic stadia control The double readings provide an increase in precision which permits stations so established to be used as control for further stadia work

Establishing control by stadia methods

Figure 7.12 illustrates as extension of primary control to the secondary control point K. With the transit at 0+ 40 a horizontal angle is turned (and doubled) on to point K. The hi, VCR, and rod interval are determined in the usual manner.

Electronic surveying measurement

Electronic distance measurement (EDM) first introduced in the 1950s Current EDM instrument use infrared light laser light or microwaves See figure 7.1

Electronic angel measurment

The electronic digital theodolite first introduced in the late 1960s When the electronic theodolite is used with built in EDM or an add on interfaced EDM A microprocessor automatically monitors in the instruments operating status and manages built in surveying programs and a data collector that stores and processes measurements and attribute data (total station) Figure 7.2

EDM Instrument characteristic

Expensive instrument have longer distance ranges and higher precision Distance range 800m to 1km Short range EDM can be extended to 1,300 m using 3 prism Long range EDM can be extended to 15 km using 11 prism

EDM Instrument characteristics

Accuracy range +(-) (15mm +5ppm)For shortrange EDM +(-) (3mm+1ppm) for long range EDM Slope reaction manual or automatic Average of repeated measurements available on some models Battery capability 1,400 to 4,200 measurements Temperature range -20c to +50c Nonprism ,measurements available on some models distances from 100 to 350 m (3 to 5 km with prism)

Prisms

Prisms are used with electro-optical EDM instruments to reflect the transmitted signal (figure 7.3) A single reflector is a cube corner prism that has the characteristic to reflecting light rays precisely back to the emitting EDM instrument The quality of the prism is determined by the flatness of the surface and the perpendicularity of the 90 surface

Prisms

Prisms can be tribrach-mounted on a tripod, centered by optical plummet or attached to a prism pole held vertical on a point with the aid of a bulls-eye level In control surveys tribrach-mounted prisms can be detached from their tribrachs and the interchanged with theodolite This interchangeability of prism and theodolite speeds up the work because the tribrach mounted on the tripod is centered and leveled only once

EDM instrument operation

1.Set up EDM instruments are inserted in to the tribrach Set over the point by means of the optical plummet Prisms are set over the remote station point The EDM turned on The height of the prism and the EDM should me measured

EDM instrument operation

2.Aim The EDM is aimed at the prism by using either the built-in sighting devices on the EDM Telescope (yoke-mount EDMs) will have the optical line of sight a bit lower than the electronic signal When the cross hair is sight on target the electronic signal will be maximized at the center of the prism Set the electronic signal precisely on the prism center

EDM instrument operation

3. Measure The slope measurement is accomplished by simply pressing the measure button The displays are either liquid crystal (LCD) or light emitting diode (LED) The measurements is shown in two decimals of a foot or three decimals of a meter EDM with built in calculators can now be used to compute horizontal and vertical distances, coordinate, atmosphiric,curveture and prism constant corrections

EDM instrument operation

4. Record The measured data can be recorded in the field note format Can be entered manually into electronic data collector The distance data must be accompanied by all relevant atmospheric and instrumental correction factors