Molecular Biology

Fig. 10-1a

Head

DNA

Tail

Tail fiber
Fig. 10-1b

Radioactive Empty
Phage protein protein shell Radioactivity
in liquid
Bacterium Phage
DNA
DNA

Batch 1
Radioactive
protein Centrifuge

Pellet

1 Mix radioactively 2 Agitate in a blender to 3 Centrifuge the mixture 4 Measure the

labeled phages with separate phages so bacteria form a radioactivity in
bacteria. The phages outside the bacteria pellet at the bottom of the pellet and
infect the bacterial cells. from the cells and the test tube. the liquid.
their contents.

Radioactive
DNA
Batch 2
Radioactive
DNA Centrifuge
Radioactivity
Pellet in pellet
DNA Structure
Fig. 10-3b
Fig. 10-3a
Fig. 10-2aa
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or T)

Phosphate
group

Thymine (T)

Sugar
(deoxyribose)
Fig. 10-2b

Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) Guanine (G)

Pyrimidines Purines
Fig. 10-2c
Nitrogenous base
(A, G, C, or U)

Phosphate
group

Uracil (U)

Sugar
(ribose)
Fig. 10-3da

Base
pair

Ribbon model
Fig. 10-4a-3

Nucleotides

Parental Both parental Two identical

molecul strands serve daughter
e as templates molecules of DNA
 DNA replication occurs
during S phase of the Cell
Cycle
Fig. 10-4b
Fig. 10-5b

5 end 3 end

P 5
4 2
3 3
1 1
2 4
P 5
P

P P

P P

3 end 5 end
Fig. 10-5a

Parental strand
Origin of replication
Daughter strand

Bubble

Two daughter DNA molecules

Fig. 10-5c
DNA polymerase
molecule 3
5
Daughter strand
Parental DNA synthesized
5 continuously
3
Daughter
strand
3 synthesized
5 in pieces

5
3

DNA ligase

Overall direction of
Protein Synthesis occurs
during G0, G1 and G2 of
Fig. 10-6a-3

DNA

Transcription

RNA
Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Translation

Protein
Fig. 10-7a

DNA strand

Transcription

RNA

Codon
Translation

Polypeptide

Amino acid
Fig. 10-9b
RNA polymerase

DNA of gene

Promoter Terminator
DNA DNA
1
Initiation

Area shown
2
in Figure 10.9A
Elongation

3
Growing
Termination RNA

Completed
RNA RNA
polymerase
 Fig. 10-8a

First base
Second

Third base
Fig. 10-12a

Growing
tRNA polypeptide
molecules

Large
subunit

mRNA Small
subunit
Fig. 10-12c

Next amino acid

to be added to
polypeptide

Growing
polypeptide

tRNA

mRNA

Codons
Fig. 10-14-4
Amino
acid
Polypeptide

P site A site
Anticodon
mRNA Codons
1 Codon recognition

mRNA
movement

Stop
codon

2 Peptide bond
formation

New
peptide
bond

3 Translocation
Mutations
Fig. 10-16a

Normal hemoglobin DNA Mutant hemoglobin DNA

mRNA mRNA

Normal hemoglobin Sickle-cell hemoglobin

Glu Val
Plasmodium falciparum
Fig. 10-16b
Normal gene

mRNA
Protein Met Lys Phe Gly Ala

Base substitution

Met Lys Phe Ser Ala

Base deletion Missing

Met Lys Leu Ala His