The United Kingdom is comprised of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

the populations of these four nations 63,182,000 (2011)

The British have been historically known for their stiff upper lip and blitz spirit as demonstrated during the German bombings of World War II The British are very reserved and private people. Privacy is extremely important. The British will not necessarily give you a tour of their home and, in fact, may keep most doors closed. They expect others to respect their privacy. This extends to not asking personal questions. The question, Where are you from? may be viewed as an attempt to place the person on the social or class scale. Even close friends do not ask pointedly personal questions, particularly pertaining to ones financial situation or relationships

Formerly a very homogenous society, since World War II, Britain has become increasingly diverse as it has accommodated large immigrant populations, particularly from its former colonies such as India, Pakistan and the West Indies

The handshake is the common form of greeting. The British might seem a little stiff and formal at first. Avoid prolonged eye contact as it makes people feel uncomfortable. There is still some protocol to follow when introducing people in a business or more formal social situation. This is often a class distinction, with the 'upper class' holding on to the long-standing traditions: Introduce a younger person to an older person. Introduce a person of lower status to a person of higher status. When two people are of similar age and rank, introduce the one you know better to the other person.

The British exchange gifts between family members and close friends for birthdays and Christmas. The gift need not be expensive, but it should usually demonstrate an attempt to find something that related to the recipients interests. If invited to someone's home, it is normal to take along a box of good chocolates, a good bottle of wine or flowers. Gifts are opened when received.

Unlike many European cultures, the British enjoy entertaining in people their homes. Although the British value punctuality, you may arrive 1015 minutes later than invited to dinner. However, if going to a restaurant be on time. Table manners are Continental, i.e. the fork is held in the left hand and the knife in the right while eating. The fork is held tines down so food is scooped on to the back of the fork. This is a skill that takes time to master. Remain standing until invited to sit down. You may be shown to a particular seat. Do not rest your elbows on the table.

If you have not finished eating, cross your knife and fork on your plate with the fork over the knife. Indicate you have finished eating by laying your knife and fork parallel across the right side of your plate. Toasts are given at formal meals. When in a pub, it is common practice to pay for a round of drinks for everyone in your group. If invited to a meal at a restaurant, the person extending the invitation usually pays. Do not argue about the check; simply reciprocate at a later time

A firm handshake is the norm; there are no issues over gender in the UK. People shake upon meeting and leaving. Maintain eye contact during the greeting but avoid anything prolonged. Most people use the courtesy titles or Mr, Mrs or Miss and their surname. Wait until invited before moving to a first-name basis. People under the age of 35 may make this move more rapidly than older British. Business cards are exchanged at the initial introduction without formal ritual. The business card may be put away with only a cursory glance so dont be offended if not much attention is paid to it

The British have an interesting mix of communication styles encompassing both understatement and direct communication. Many older businesspeople or those from the 'upper class' rely heavily upon formal use of established protocol. Most British are masters of understatement and do not use effusive language. If anything, they have a marked tendency to use qualifiers such as 'perhaps', possibly or 'it could be'. When communicating with people they see as equal to themselves in rank or class, the British are direct, but modest. If communicating with someone they know well, their style may be more informal, although they will still be reserved.

Written communication follows strict rules of protocol. How a letter is closed varies depending upon how well the writer knows the recipient. Written communication is always addressed using the person's title and their surname. First names are not generally used in written communication, unless you know the person well.

E-mail is now much more widespread, however the communication style remains more formal, at least initially, than in many other countries. Most British will not use slang or abbreviations and will think negatively if your communication appears overly familiar.

The British can be quite formal and sometimes prefer to work with people and companies they know or who are known to their associates. The younger generation however is very different; they do not need longstanding personal relationships before they do business with people and do not require an intermediary to make business introductions. Nonetheless, networking and relationship building are often key to long-term business success. Most British look for long-term relationships with people they do business with and will be cautious if you appear to be going after a quick deal.

If you plan to use an agenda, be sure to forward it to your British colleagues in sufficient time for them to review it and recommend any changes. Punctuality is important in business situations. In most cases, the people you are meeting will be on time. Scots

are extremely punctual. Call if you will be even 5

minutes later than agreed. Having said that, punctuality is often a matter of personal style and emergencies do

arise. If you are kept waiting a few minutes, do not make

an issue of it. Likewise, if you know that you will be late it is a good idea to telephone and offer your apologies.

How meetings are conducted is often determined by the composition of people attending: If everyone is at the same level, there is generally a free flow of ideas and opinions. If there is a senior ranking person in the room, that person will do most of the speaking. In general, meetings will be rather formal: Meetings always have a clearly defined purpose, which may include an agenda. There will be a brief amount of small talk before getting down to the business at hand.

If you make a presentation, avoid making exaggerated claims. Make certain your presentation and any materials provided appear professional and well thought out. Be prepared to back up your claims with facts and figures. The British rely on facts, rather than emotions, to make decisions. Maintain eye contact and a few feet of personal space. After a meeting, send a letter summarizing what was decided and the next steps to be taken.