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The global economy is becoming increasingly dependent upon the ability to effectively produce and use knowledge and that the competitiveness of a country depends on the knowledge acquisition capacity of its human resources.
Obstacles
The main impediments to knowledge are:
1. Political 2. Socio-economic 3. Cultural
1. Political Impediments
Too few women have a public and influential voice in Egypt (2.4% seats in parliament and 5.7% in Shura Council) Women suffer in the Arab region from unequal citizenship and legal entitlements, often evident in voting rights and legal codes Too few women occupy decision-making/senior positions (Governor, President of University, CEOs, etc) in Egypt Percentage of females in legislative or managerial staff is 2.5% Percentage of females in Professional or technical staff 7 is 6.3%
2. Socio-economic Impediments
Women do not have yet an equal access to education and information. Socialization in the Arab world is characterized as over-protective and authoritarian child upbringing especially for girls (over-controlling childrearing leads to limited risk-taking & innovation). Unemployment is much higher for women than for men. Early marriage, limitations to travel and access to Ids Labor demand characteristics: Characteristics of the Arab Economy Employment for women made more difficult in some sectors due to cultural factors (tourism, retail, etc) 8
3. Cultural Impediments
Are women equal to men in their role of educating their children and what is the weight of womens decision-making in the family? (womens subordination & patriarchal family structure) Cultural barriers and misinterpretation of religion with respect to knowledge and womens role in society Behavioral deviations discouraged or just to be different The representation given in the media of the role of women There are some trends which seem to discourage womens public engagement (niqab).
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Transformation Tools
Illiteracy eradication, especially to target governorates with a wide gender gap and low enrollment rates. ICT access to information and knowledge Political empowerment
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Affordable social support services to free womens time and potential Awareness of womens educator role, which can change prevailing norms/habits starting from the family
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