Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SRI LANKAN CULTURAL HISTORY (When Prehistoric Archaeological data superimposed on the History of City Planning in Sri Lanka) Earliest Habitation Sites of Nomadic Period in Hinterland Wet-zone; Mesolithic Sites of Transitory Period in the Intermediate Climatic Region; Megalithic Sites of Neolithic Period in River Beds of both Wet Zone and the Dry zone Climatic Region; and, Neolithic Sites in Dry Zone/ wet Zone
Urban Period in the Dry Zone & Wet Zone. First Wave of Urbanization in Dry Zone;
Second Wave in Wet-Zone Hinterland Regions Third Wave in maritime provinces.
3
PROTO HISTORIC
IBN BATUTA
4
MARCO POLO 5
410 Gaminivapi
10
11
12
Mahatittha Gadn
Mahanama
Mahasagara
SRI LANKAN VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE Villages; Houses; Granaries; Wayside Resting Places, Ambalama; Folk Shrines; RESPONDING TO PRIMARY FORCES: Social Forces; Intra-family Relationship; Inter Family Relationship; Relationship with Religious Institution; Relationship with workplace; Customs and Beliefs. Environmental Forces; Climatic Conditions; Land and Geography; Natural phenomena; Technological Forces; Materials Techniques
Despite the impacts and influences of foreign activities, with the help of the administrators, both rural and urban populations remain tied up to the traditions is visible.
Length and breadth of site added to total number of characters of name of owner and name of site.
Total multiplied by four and divided by three. Remainder 1 represent animate land, best. Remainder 2 mixed results and passable. No remainder, dead land and not suitable.
Surface features Surface deposits and some other environmental features are considered as ill omens. Site environment Favourable Sites: Presence of twittering birds and; Visibility of running water are auspicious omens. Unsuitable Sites: A prostitutes house near by, closer to three or four way junctions, and a cemetery are treated as inauspicious. Vegetation a site with luxuriant vegetation is recommended. Arid land with no vegetation unsuitable. Presence of precious medicinal herbs, creepers such as midi, trees such as satin; bo and mara, and grass like undupiyaliya brings prosperity, health and wealth.
CUSTOMS IN HOUSE DESIGNS Zoning the site. Pada Bedima, & Bhumi Chakra - two methods of zoning a site. Pada Bedeema, site divided by nine parallel lines and another nine perpendicular lines to previous lines. Innermost square Habitat of absolute (Brahma Pada), Adjoining strip of Deities (Deva Pada), Strip outside Deva Pada is of Human beings (Manushya Pada), Peripheral Strip for Evil Spirits (Pretha Pada). House in Manushya Pada, and may extend to Deva Pada. Brahma Pada is for religious buildings, and outer layer not recommended for a buildings.
CUSTOMS IN HOUSE DESIGNS Zoning the site. In Bhumi Chakra, site is divided by lines connecting each corners, and each centres thorough/ over centre line. South/west sector is most suitable for sitting a house.
Inauspicious points (centre and 12 sub centres) should not lie within the proposed house marma rekha diagonals. Madhya rekha anu marma rekha. Ginikatura cross formed by marma rekha Marma Sthanaya centre Anu Marma Sthana sub-centres formed by pada boundaries and marma rekha. MODIFICATIONS: At present the pada beddema is modified to suit the urban context as follows: Marma Sthana of the house not to be fall on the marma rekha of the site. Marma Rekha of the site not to be fall on the Marma Rekha of the house. Very small sites, at least three pretha pada zones to be kept open, and not more than one living spaces to be located in the encroached preta pada zone.
Orientation North is the most auspicious direction. Southeast is the worst. If the main door faces E or S, length of the house is along NS and EW respectively. Location of activities Inauspicious location of the well. Align with the ridge. Facing a main door. Aligned any of the wall lines Aligned with marma rekha. Aligned with valley gutter. Aligned with four major lines running parallel to the ridge and between walls. Aligned with Marma rekha of the site. Aligned with diagonal lines of interior spaces. Effects could be reduced by locating well at a different/ lower level ground or by constructing a wall in between..
Ill planning
Separation
Misfortune
Quarreling
Traditionally, dimensions were specified according the caste affiliations. Danger Non-ambitious Cheated Sexual desire
N
Internal spaces
following situations are avoided.
Three corners within the house falling in one line. Interior corners falling on Marma Rekha. Marma Sthana falling on an internal wall. Wall bisecting the width of the house, (by being lying under the ridge). Doors and Windows Main door as the mouth of a human being. Should not face the west. In the front wall forming the length of the house. Not at the end wall. Not to face a bend of a road. Not to face a two ways or three way junctions. Not to align with the corner of the house. Not to be sited on the straight line with the gate. Number of doors in odd number Number of windows in even number Total should never be 09,19,29 etc. not to locate three doors on one line. Doors not to cut across marma rekha. When an irregular plan forms, several marma rekhah will be drawn.
Floor area:
customs in construction
commencement of work
position of the main door. N 13/04 ~ 13/06 E 13/07 ~ 13/09 S 13/10 ~ 13/12 W 13/01 ~ 13/03 04 remaining months are corner months, and are inauspicious.
site preparations
offerings to God of Wealth (Bhahirava) 04 guardian deities. Remove the top soil to ensure that no harmful elements are present at site.
Superstructure
Work to commence on an auspicious time. Cross walls and cross beams will have evil effects. Rituals in placement of the first door frame.
Roof
work to commence in an auspicious time. Rafters not to be fixed for the joint where the hip rafters and ridge meets. Ridge not to run across external doors. Not to support by odd number of supports. Not to have odd number of joints. Purling joints should not run in alignment. Joint of a wall plate should not be above a door.
OTHER BELIEFS
1. RIVER FLOWING IN FRONT OF A HOUSE Outbound flow inauspicious.
OTHER BELIEFS ..
2. POSITIONING OF WALLS WITHIN AUSPICIOUS PADA
Defining PADA (maximum length and maximum width to be divided by 15). Generally width of the pada of length and width is not equal, as squares are not selected as an auspicious plan form. Auspicious pada are 1,3,5,6,8,10,11,13,15 Inauspicious pada are 2,4,7,9,12,14. All walls should be positioned on meritorious pada. Doors and windows (jambs and frames)should be positioned on meritorious pada. Joists of roofs to be positioned on meritorious pada. Joists and plates, including ridge plate, must be in odd numbers such as 3, 5, and 7. Plates/ joists to be positioned above a meritorious pada.
Landscaping.
Sapu, papol, desaman, plantain are auspicious trees. Trees with milk sap, throne, and bear fruits are not auspicious. Banyan tree auspicious for east. But Bo-tree is inauspicious. Bo tree in the east will bring fear. Asatu in the east brings sorrow.
Jak tree is auspicious for the south. Other taller trees are inauspicious for the south. Pulila (parasite) tree on the south will bring poverty to the house.
Attikka tree is inauspicious for the north, and will bring eye diseases. Banyan tree is auspicious for the west. Asatu and Nellie were serving.
Trees which are not recommended for growing. Taller tress are inauspicious for the forecourt. Siyambala (tamarind), keselkaranda, delum, nilkatarolu, thorny trees, softwood trees, plants with red color flowers, king coconut and pathoks, are highly inauspicious for planting in front of the office.
Impact of the size of the forecourt: Length and breadth to be added, and divided by 8. Balance of 1 is inauspicious. Balance of 2 is auspicious. Balance of 3 an 4 are inauspicious. Balance of 4 is asuba. Balance of 5 is auspicious. Balance of 6 is inauspicious
5.0 DIRECTIONS AND THEIR IMPACTS North: Direction represent Buddha and contains quality of water (Apo); Direction related to livelihood; Untidiness and disorder affects the livelihood; Northeast; Represents the direction related to education and wisdom; Direction brings strength, courage and determination. East ; Direction where the sun is powerful;
Southeast; Directing representing the finances of the house; Ideal for kitchen/ pantry etc.
South; Direction responsible for reputation of the house and the owner. Southwest; Important direction for continuity of a marriage life; Ideal for a repository of valuables; West; Northwest; Ideal directions for the kitchen of landlord.
COOL ZONE
COOL ZONE
E W
HOT ZONE
Vastu principles are based on the analyses of five sources of energy and their correct utilization; It s important to identify directions of these energy sources; Otherwise the output design would brings negative merits. Any creation has two identified zones, namely Hot Zone and the Cool Zone. Hot zone include south and west half, and the cool zone covers north and east zone.
COSMIC PRINCIPLES EMBODIED IN VASTU: Patavi: Earth - land is required for human being to live on it. Thus it is considered as a basic need of a human being; Apo: Water - water is an essential element for human living; Thejo: Fire warmth is needed for blood circulation and other activities of a human being. Therefore, it is considered as a basic element ;
Vayo:
Air
Akasha:
Vastu designs are based on consideration that above five essentials are basic elements for human living, and thus following items/components of a building is governed by them. 01. Door and window locations; 02. Allocation of internal spaces; 03. Location of exclusive spaces; 04. Wall thickness; 05. Disposals; and 06. Landscaping.
POSITIONING OF DOORS
NORTH 01
02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
EAST D
No No N No D D No No D D D D D No
SOUTH D
D No D No No D No D No No D No D D
WEST NO
No D D D D D No D D No D No No No
NAME Dhanada
Jaya Nasha Vipula Bara Kantha Sumukha Durmukha Manoramya Akrandha Ugra Viaya Dhanya Nanda Ripuda
CONSEQUENCES Wealth
Victory Destruction Reputation, honor Poverty Heavy expenses Health and wealth Unrest Increase wealth and reduce expenses Suffering Losses, unrest Wealth and reputation Wealth Destruction to women Thefts and enemies
D
No D D No No No D No D D D No No D
SELECTION OF LAND/ PLOT FOR CONSTRUCTION: Higher southern direction good; Sloping towards north is good; Slope towards the centre line is good; Area with excessive noises are not good; Northern river/ water course flowing towards east is good; Eastern water course flowing from south to north is very good; Water course in south or west is not suitable;
IMPACT
Healthy, prosperity, and benefits Healthy, treasure, prosperity Intelligence, healthy, comforts Losses Multiple troubles
06
07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
Triangular
Composite/ Multiple form Narrow long Polygon (Rectangle less N & S triangles) Trapezoid (truncated N triangle) trapezoid (truncated S triangle L shape (narrow to south) Oval shape Rectangle (with chamfered NE corner) trapezoid (rectangle SW extended S)
IMPACT
Good, wealth & prosperity, peaceful mind
Inauspicious, not good for health Inauspicious, troubles from the state Inauspicious, ill health Very auspicious
21 22
23 24 25 26
IMPACT OF SLOPES Land with lower north and east sectors with higher elevations in south and western direction are suitable and brings prosperity;
Higher elevations in North and east brings financial losses, loss of profit, and ill omen for male children;
Lower southeast sectors brings financial losses, ill health, fire hazards etc; Northern slope is very good;
If the slope cannot be altered, better to change the direction of water flow;
Lower south direction causes sickness and reduce lifespan; Lower southwest brings fear of robbery; unnecessary expenditure; sickness; Slope towards west financial losses, displeasure; unsuitable for male children; Slope to northwest financial losses, instability of mind; centre lower, metal stress, sicknesses. Depression in the centre causes mental stresses, and multiple sicknesses.
SLOPES AND THEIR APPROPRIATENESS: Northern Slope: - very good. Wealth and comforts. North-eastern Slope: - very good. Wealth and comforts. Eastern Slope: good: - Improvements. South-eastern slope: - inappropriate; Southern slope ; inappropriate. Death.
Based on the owners astrological chart: Land facing east id good for kataka(), vurchika (), and meena ();
ACCESS ROADS: North and western good; All four sides very good; North and eastern extremely good; South and western are good for business premises.
LOCATION OF ACCESS ROADS AND THEIR IMPACT ON HOUSEHOLD ACCESS 1. North & NE 2. East 3. NE and South 4. SE and East MERITS Very good Very good Good Not good REMARKS Good for females, business, income, and, wealth Long life for males, ideal for media offices Peaceful and happiness; good for females; good for financial institutions. Destructions, jeolsy, accidents and enemies 1
2 3 4
Not good
Good
5 6 7 8
Good for females; idle for individual business; good for everybody.
Unfavorable for money and assets; infect bad habits; not good for women's
No peace and happiness; unfavorable for males; financial losses.
CLASSIFICATION OF HOUSES
(Aaya number refers to the balance numeral, when the floor area divided by 8. the method of classification is referred to as Ashta Yoni krama)
AAY A No AYA NAMA CONSEQUENCES SUITABILITY MAIN DOOR FACADE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Dhvaja Dhuma Singha Shvana/ sunakha Vrushabha Bara Gaja Dhvanksha/ kaka/Teta
Living
N,E,S,W
East
Living
N, E,S
South
Business
West
living
E,S
North
For calculation, exterior dimensions of the foundation/ plinth. Protruding elements such as verandah and porticoes are not considered for length/ breadth calculations.
Kitchen; office; store; visitors room, toilets; latrine; dogs kennel; and garage
Shrine room; living; study room; dining hall; bedroom; office; bathroom; gym; balcony; and verandah
Study; store; visitors room; toilets; childrens room; living; garbage bin
Study; dining; bedroom; office; gym; children's room; living; meditation room; veranda Kitchen; dining; gym; washing bay; guard room; outhouses; servants' room; bathroom; garage
BEDROOMS (continuing): Better to locate mirror towards the west and the dressing table on to the Northwestern wall; Better to locate toilet away from the bedroom;
TV, Radio are not suitable for bedrooms, but if desperately needed, it is to be located in the southeast direction;
Master bedroom, first to southwest; secondly to south; thirdly to west; and finally to northwest. Never to locate master bedroom in northeast; Master bedroom of a multi storied building to be located at the upper floor; Ideal colors pink, blue, green, and ash color; Never to have an empty southwestern direction. Toilet to be attached on west or northern directions.
No toilet to be attached;
Pink, green and blue are suitable colors, and black and white to be omitted.
STUDY ROOM: Northeastern, west, east are appropriate; Studying facing north or east; Bookshelf not on northwest or southwest; Window on north, east, or west; Colored white, light blue, violet, light green; Hipped roof is better; Study position north, northeast, east, south or west, but facing northeast.
ETERNAL KITCHENS:
ADDITIONAL TOILETS: Possibilities: Connected to west wall on western direction; and, on southwestern direction; Connected to south wall on southern direction;
OFFICE ROOM: northeast, southeast, and northwest are most suitable; PLAYROOM: East, southeast, north are the most appropriate directions; GARAGE: Southeast or northwest are good. Never to use north, northeast or east walls; BALCONY: South and west are not good: north and east are most suitable; id south and west to be used, extend the roof lowering eave height; AVOIDABLE: North: Northeast: southeast: South: Northeast: West: Northwest:
toilets, servants' room, and tall trees; main door, garage, stairs, waste pits, waste disposal tools, overhead tanks, high grounds, rubble in landscaping, kitchen, toilet, master bedroom, tall trees; main door, master bedroom, living room, basement; living room, basement, well, balcony; visitors room, kitchen, servants' room, main door, basement, balcony, toilet pits. balcony, basement; main door, master bedroom, well;
BELIEFS ON BUILDING ELEMENTS: ROOF: Commencement on an auspicious time; Customarily, ridge not in the exact centre, may be shift a little; Total number of ridges, gutter plates and plates to be in an odd number; Rafters set to be in an odd number; Props to be an odd number; Joints in odd number; No three props align;
BELIEFS ON BUILDING ELEMENTS: DOORS: Main door known as Mangala Uluvassa, and is displayed different to others in scale and . Decorations; Never positioning doors on main/ centre wall (mudun Bittiya); Door to be plumbed; inward bend, pressure for occupants with disputes etc. out bend, chief household prefer to stay outside. Number of windows to be larger than the doors; Door not be faced religious institutions; Door not to be aligned with another house; Internal doors also not to be aligned; No stairways aligned with the main door;
BELIEFS ON BUILDING ELEMENTS: DOORS (cont): No internal cistern, drain, tree, gate, well, or a corner of another house in front of the main door, which causes the ill fortune known as Veda Dosha. However, beyond twice the height as well as in the rear of the house is ineffective;
no doors on the ceremonial foundation stone; No doors in the centre of the house; No lifting and placing of first doorframe, which is fixed at the auspicious time. However, minor adjustment without lifting is ok; lifting and replacing could be effected with ritualistic functions similar to that of the time of placing the first door frame; No door frames above another; Main door facing main road is not suitable; Extra large doors also bring destruction to the chief household; Main door to be two sashes.
BELIEFS ON BUILDING ELEMENTS: DOORS (cont): Two principal systems of locating main door: Length of the house divided in to nine divisions, and, Door to be positioned in the division with 05 portions to the south and 03 to the left; Length of the house divided into 15 divisions, and door to be placed on an auspicious pada; Total number of doors to be an odd number; Total number of windows to be an even number; Cumulative value of doors and windows to be an odd number, excluding 17;
DOOR CHART:
Destructions women
Dhanya
Gain assets
Nanda
Destruction for female
Ripuda
Jaya Dhanada
fear of thieves
Nasha
Vipula
Bara
Kantha
Sumakha
Durmukha
Manoramya
Akrananda
Ugra
Vijaya