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Infection Control
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
The very first requirement in a hospital is that it should do the sick no harm
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Definition: Injurious contamination of body or parts of the body by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and rickettsia or by the toxin that they may produce. Infection may be local or generalized and spread throughout the body. Once the infectious agent enters the host it begins to proliferate and reacts with the defense mechanisms of the body producing infection symptoms and signs: pain, swelling, redness, functional disorders, rise in temperature and pulse rate and leukocytosis.
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INFECTION
Modes of Transmission
Contact (Direct & Indirect) Droplet Airborne Vehicles Vectors
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Chain of Infection
Pathogen
Susceptible Host
Reservoir
Portal of Entry
Mode
Portal of Exit
of
Transmissi on
Why Isolation?.. because transmission is Dr.T.V.Rao MD than the source / host! easier to control
applied during every patient care, during exposure to any potentially infected material or body fluids as blood and others.
Components:
A. Hand washing. B. Barrier precautions. C. Sharp disposal. D. Handling of contaminated material.
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Use and care of urinary catheters Use and care of vascular access lines Therapy and support of pulmonary functions Surveillance of surgical procedures Hand hygiene and standard precautions
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HAND WASHING
Proper hand washing is the
single most important ay to prevent and reduce infections Wash and rinse hands for 15 seconds, using a dry paper towel to turn off faucet Alcohol based hand wash is also available in all patient care areas
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HAND WASHING
Hand washing is the single most effective precaution for prevention of infection transmission between patients and staff. Hand washing with plain soap is mechanical removal of soil and transient bacteria (for 10- 15 sec.) Hand antisepsis is removal & destroy of transient flora using anti-microbial soap or alcohol based hand rub (for 60 sec.)
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Iodophores Hexachlorophene
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Barrier Precautions
1. Gloves:
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Barrier Precautions
contaminated instruments or equipment. e) HCW has skin cuts, lesions and dermatitis Sterile gloves are used
d) Working directly with
GLOVES MUST BE of good quality, suitable size and material. Never reused.
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Barrier Precautions
Masks & Protective eye wear:
MUST BE USED WHEN: engaged in procedures likely to generate droplets of B/BF or bone chips During surgical operations to protect wound from staff breathings, Masks must be of good quality, properly fixed on mouth and nasal openings.
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Barrier Precautions
3) Gowns/ Aprons: Are required when: Spraying or spattering of blood or body fluids is anticipated e.g surgical procedures. Gowns must not permit blood or body fluids to pass through.
Sharp precautions
Needle stick and sharp injuries carry the risk of blood born infection e.g AIDS, HCV,HBV and others. Sharp injuries must be reported and notified NEVER TO RECAP NEEDLES Dispose of used needles and small sharps immediately in puncture resistant boxes (sharp boxes). Sharp boxes: must be easily accessible, must not be overfilled, labeled or color coded. Needle incinerators can be another safe way of disposal. Reusable sharps must be handled with care avoiding direct handling during processing.
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Environmental control:
1. Including physical facility plans must meet quality and infection control measures. Patient equipment positioning and installation, traffic flow. 2. Cleaning of hospital environment and disinfection according to policies. 3. Proper air ventilation. 4. Water pipes examination, check its quality. 5. Proper waste collection and disposal. 6. Cleaning and dis-infection of equipment. 7. Proper linen collection, cleaning, distribution
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Objectives:
Understand the significance of antibiotic resistant organisms seen in hospitals Understand how surveillance for hospital acquired (nosocomial) infections is performed and the significance of surveillance data
DROPLET ISOLATION
used to prevent transmission of microorganisms spread by large, moist droplets inhaled by or landing on the mucous membranes of the susceptible host
examples:
AIRBORNE ISOLATION
used to prevent transmission of microorganisms spread on very small particles that drift on air currents (droplet nuclei, dust)
examples: pulmonary Tuberculosis varicella measles
AIRBORNE ISOLATION
BASIC COMPONENTS:
negative air pressure isolation room door remains closed fit-tested N95 respirator Call Engineering (ext. 2060) with room # to check negative pressure. yes HANDWASHING!
Identify education needs Evaluate new products Identify new opportunities for improvement
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Fit flexible nose piece over nose bridge Secure on head with ties or elastic Adjust to fit
Our Hands are Threat to LIFE Just Washing can Save Many LIVES
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Programme create by Dr.T.V.Rao MD Medical and Health Care Workers in the Developing World Email doctortvrao@gmail.com
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