placenta

Presented by 1st Year MBBS

GROUP 5

Contents:
Definition Structure Development of placenta Placental circulation Funtions

Clinical aspects

DEFINITION: The placenta is the primary site of nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and fetus.

PLACENTA:
By the beginning of 4th month placenta has two components FETAL PORTION: Formed by chorion frondosum. On fetal side placenta is bordered by chorionic plate. MATERNAL PORTION:: Formed by decidua basalis On maternal side placenta is bordered by decidual plate.

The zone where tropoblast and decidual cells intermingle is JUNCTIONAL ZONE: called junctional zone. It is characterized by decidual and syncytial giant cells.

During 4 to 5 week decidua form a number of decidual septa which project into intervillous spaces. Due to these septa placenta is divided into number of cotyledons.

DECIDUAL SEPTA: th

The placenta begins to develop upon implantation of the blastocyst into the maternal endometrium.

The outer layer of the blastocyst becomes the trophoblast, which forms the outer layer of the placenta. This outer layer is divided into two further layers: the underlying cytotrophoblast layer the overlying syncytiotrophoblast layer

Development of placenta:

. The syncytiotrophoblast is a multinucleated continuous cell layer that covers the surface of the placenta. The syncytiotrophoblast (otherwise known as syncytium), thereby

Cotyledons receive their blood through 80 100 spiral arteries that pierce the decidual plate and enter the intervillous spaces.. The preesure in arteries forces blood deep into intervillous spaces. In intervillous spaces mature placenta contain approximately 150ml of blood.. Placental exchange doesnot take place in all villi however only in those that has fetal vessels contact with syncytial membrane. The syncytial often have brush borders consisting of numerous microvilli.

Circulation of placenta:

Respiration and excretion

Nutrient transfer Endocrine metabolism and secretion

Immunology

FUNCTIONS OF PLACENTA:

Respirator y functions
Slow diffusion of blood through villi Gaseous exchange O2, CO2 simple diffusion Trophoblastic cell membrane

Nutrient transfer
Diffusion H20; Na; K; HCO3 urea, uric acid Amines Active transport CHO (as glucose) Proteins (as amino acids) Minerals Vitamins

Amino acids Free fatty acids Carbohydrates Vitamins

As the pregnancy advances the exchange become rapid and increased.

NUTRIENTS AND ELECTROLYTE TRANSPORT

Waste products excreted from the fetus such as urea, uric acid and creatinine are transferred to the maternal blood by diffusion across the placenta.

Excretion

IgG antibodies can pass through the human placenta, thereby providing protection to the fetus in utero.
, the placenta functions as a selective maternal-fetal barrier against transmission of microbes to the fetus.

Immunity

It is a membrne which separats maternal and fetal blood and it initially composed of 4 layers: Epithelial Connective tissue Cytotropoblastic layer Syncytial PLACENTAL MEMBRANE IS ALSO CALLED PLACENTAL BARRIER.

PLACENTAL MEMBRANE

PLACENTAL BARRIER: SYNTHETIC ESTROGEN.diethylstilbestrol

carcinoma

clear cell of vagina and abnormalities of cervix in

females.

CLINICAL CORRELATES: