CHAPTER 9 : STARS AND GALAXIES

Prepared by : Pn. Noor Hazwani bt.Alias SMK Sg.Maong,Kuching

The Sun

The Sun

- Shape like a ball. - Made up of hot gases : hydrogen and helium - Surface temperature : 5 500 - 6 000 oC - The Sun is one of the many billions of stars. - Nearest star to Earth. That is why it appears bigger and brighter than other stars.

Structure of the Sun

can only be seen clearly during solar eclipse.

Has three layers

Corona

Chromosphere

Photosphere
can be seen clearly everyday

Solar eclipse
Corona Chromosphere

Corona and Chromosphere can only be seen during solar eclipse.

Phenomena on The Surface of The Sun

Solar flare Prominence

-arches or loops shape. -eruption of chromosphere (2nd layer)

Sunspot
- cool spot - eruption of photosphere (1st layer)

- explosion near sunspots - release charged particles into outer space. (Examples: * Electrons, * X-rays, * Ultraviolet rays)

Aurora

Dazzling,colourful light. Occur at north pole and south pole of Earth. Charged particles interact with Earths magnetic field.

Solar flare -release charged particles (Examples: * Electrons, * X-rays, * Ultraviolet rays)

How the Sun produces energy?

+ Light and heat energy

Nuclear reaction (in the core)

4 hydrogen atoms 1 helium atom + light energy + heat energy

Various types of Star

Size

Various types of Star

Temperature and colour

Colour Temperature Example:

Blue Bluishwhite Yellow Red

40 000 0C 10 000 0C 6 000 0C 3 000 0C

Spica Rigel The Sun Betelgeuse

Medium temperature
Red Coolest star Yellow Medium temperature Blue Hottest star

Various types of Star

Brightness.
Sirius

5 brightest star Sirius

Rigel Rigel Procyon Achernar

Formation of Stars

A nebula

Gases (hydrogen) Dusts

1.

3.

-The core becomes hotter. - Nuclear reactions take place.

Gases and dusts in a nebula are pulled by strong gravity forces until it become compact (dense).

A STAR IS FORMED !!

2.

*Nuclear reaction (in the core) 4 hydrogen atoms 1 helium atom + light energy + heat energy

A core is formed. -very hot and dense

Death of Star
*depends on the size of the star

Nebula

Death of Star
*medium size star, such as The Sun
1. *Hydrogen atoms in the star are all used up. * Nuclear reaction stops.
Medium size star

4. *A white core or a white dwarf is formed.

Black Dwarf

2. *gravity pull weakens. *the star expands and forms red giant.

3. *Substance at the outer part of the star escape to outer space.

Death of Star
*large star and super large star
2. * Gravity pull weakens. * The star expands and forms red giant. * The red giant continue to expand to form red supergiant.
* DEATH OF LARGE STAR (10 x Suns mass)

Nebula
star

1. *Hydrogen atoms in the star are all used up. * Nuclear reaction stops.
Neutron star : *consists of neutrons. *rotates and gives out radio waves.

Black Hole: *cannot be seen. *dense. *has very strong gravity force.

3. *Red supergiant explodes. *The explosion is known as supernova.

* DEATH OF SUPER LARGE STAR (100 x Suns mass)

Constellation

A group of stars arranged in specific pattern. In the past, constellation were used as : a) compass (to show direction). b) calender

A constellation

Constellation
Examples :

North South

Big dipper

Southern cross

Universe and Galaxies

Universe

*Notes The Universe : -a very huge space -holds everything from the smallest particle to the largest galaxy. -there are billions of galaxies in the Universe.

Galaxies Milky Way (our galaxy) Solar System

Galaxy : -Each galaxy has billions of stars.

Earth

Human being

Hubble Space Telescope

-is used to observe galaxies

Galaxies
- A galaxy contains billions of stars. - Has many shapes.

Spiral galaxy

Elliptical galaxy (oval shape)

Irregular galaxy (no obvious shape)

Our Galaxy : The Milky Way

Spiral shape