PARENTHETICAL & IN-TEXT CITATIONS

April 13, 2013 I A-203

CITATION BASICS
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation.
Example: People understand their jobs better and feel more involved in them (Lorenzana, 2005).

 A citation must appear in two places in the paper:

(a) in the body of your text (in-text citations); and (b) in the reference list (after the recommendations).

Placement of Citations
There are three (3) options for placing citations in relation to the text.
1. Place the author(s) and date(s) within parentheses at an appropriate place within or at the end of a sentence. Ex. Researchers have studied how children represent mathematical problems (Alibali, Phillips, & Fischer, 2009; Siegler, 1976).

2. Place only the date within the parentheses. Ex. Alibali, Phillips, and Fischer (2009) asked, Did the participants adopt the taught strategies?(p.96).

3. Integrate both the author and the date into your sentence. Ex. In 2009, Alibali, Phillips, and Fischer reported that third-and fourth-grade students improved their problem representation when they were taught the equalize strategy but did not improve their problem representation when they were taught the add-subtract strategy.

Frequency of Citations in a Paragraph:

Among the 1,000 sampled students, Roberts (2004) found that students participating in FYE programs had higher four-year GPAs than non-FYE participants.

Roberts also found. The study also showed that there was a high correlation between second-year retention rates and student participation in FYE programs (Roberts, 2004).

CITING AN AUTHOR OR AUTHORS

A Work by One Author

Example 1:
Johnson (2003) found that among students participating in FYE programs

Example 2: The overall four-year GPAs of students who participated in FYE programs were higher than non-FYE students (Johnson, 2003).

A Work by Two Authors

Name both authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses .
Use the word and between the authors names within the text and use the ampersand (&) in the parentheses.

Example 1:

Research by Chinayo and Detran (2008) finds that GPA is correlated to criminology board examination.

Example 2:
There is a need to improve criminology students GPAs to effect improvement in their performance in the board examination (Chinayo & Detran, 2008).

A Work by Three or More Authors

List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source. In subsequent citations, use only the first authors last name followed by et al.

Example 1 (first citation) Murphy, Lynn, Campbell, and Joseph (2007) found.

Example 2 (subsequent citation) Murphy et al. (2007) mentioned that.

Organization as an Author
a. If the author is an organization or a government agency, the organization should be in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation. Ex. According to Metrobank (2000), more than 50% of the Filipinos aim to have.

 b. If the organization has a wellknown abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.

Example 1 (first citation) Each year 7.6 million children five die worldwide (World Health Organization [WHO],2011).

Example 2 (subsequent citations) Pneumonia, diarrhea, malaria and health problems during the first month of life are the main causes of mortality (WHO, 2011).

Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses

Place them in alphabetical order within the parentheses and separate the sources by a semicolon.
Example: Several studies (Scott, 2008; Whittle, 2007) indicated that.

Authors with the Same Last Names

To prevent confusion, include the authors first initials with the last names in all references in the text and in all parenthetical citations.

Examples
G. Williams (1995) and R. H. Williams (1993) independently reported similar results.
Results of a recent study (R. H. Williams, 1996) were inconclusive.

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year

Order the sources alphabetically by looking at the first word of the title (excluding a, an, or the), and add lower-case letters (a, b, c) to the year.

Research by Weist and Christodulu (2010a) illustrated that climate change

However, because of global warming, arctic icecaps and glaciers are slowly melting down (Weist & Christodulu, 2010b).

Personal Communication
emails, lectures, interviews, or any other source materials that are not recoverable Cite the name of the person from whom you obtained the information, indicate that you are citing a personal communication, and cite the month, day, and year. Personal communications are cited in the text only and are excluded from the references list.

Examples
In an interview, M.S. Bloomberg (personal communication, April 22, 2010) talks about A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002).

Electronic Sources
a. Cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style. Example:
Kenneth (2000) explained

b. If the entire website was used, no need to put this in the reference list. Example: The University of WisconsinMadisons writing center website is an excellent source of information on writing (http://www.writing.wisc.edu/).

Unknown Author
a. Cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first three main words in the parentheses.
Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks.

Examples
We examined SAT statistics presented in the book College Bound Seniors (2008).
We examined SAT statistics presented in the book College Bound Seniors (2008).

The study on universal health care and practices (Study Finds, 2008) found that majority of the Americans think that.

 b. The only time an author can be cited as Anonymous is if the works author is identified as anonymous. Always include the year of publication after it (e.g. Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.)

Unknown Author and Unknown Date

Use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation n.d. (for no date). Use quotation marks for article or chapter, while self-contained item should be in italics.

Examples
Another study of students and research decisions discovered that many students succeeded with tutoring (Tutoring and APA, n.d.). It was mentioned in Research Initiatives (n.d.) that.

GENERAL NOTES ON IN-TEXT CITATION

1. Capitalization, Italics and Underlining

a. Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials.
b. Capitalize all major words in titles of books and articles within the body of the paper.

Example 1: In his book, Greek Political Thought (2006), Balot argues that.
Example 2: The criticism of the article "The Politics of Para-literary Criticism".
Note: In the reference list, however, capitalize only the proper nouns and the first word of the title and of the subtitle (after a colon or dash).

 c. Italicize or underline the titles of longer works such as

books edited collections movies television series documentaries albums

In the book The Closing of the American Mind (1987), some real problems that exist among some American youths have been identified. OR In the book The Closing of the American Mind (1987), some real problems that exist among some American youths have been identified.

 d. If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of the source. Capitalize shorts words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives and adverbs also.

Example 1: In the article Permanence and Change (2009), importance of was reiterated. Example 2: The album There Is Nothing Left to Lose (1999) is widely available as an enhanced CD.
Note: In your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: E.g., Writing new media.

 e. When capitalizing titles, capitalize only the first letter of the first word in a hyphenated word. Note, however, that the other main words in the title must be capitalized.
Example: The study Addressing the Scholasticperformance Related Challenges Encountered by the University of Baguio College Students (2010) reveals the common problems encountered by the students.

f. Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon. Example 1 (dash): The book AYURVEDA - The Science of Traditional Indian Medicine by Dash and Ramaswamy (2002) contains information on the ancient medical practices of India.

Example 2 (colon): In his book Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcocks Vertigo, De Asis (2005) noted the significance of.

 g. Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song titles. Example: In Eric Kripkes Supernatural season 7s episode Mother of All (2011), Eve escaped from the purgatory and became powerful as she came back to earth.

2. Citing Indirect Sources

If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your sentence list and in the parentheses; include the words as cited in or as cited by and the authors name and year of publication of the secondary source.

Examples:
Johnson argued that (as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).
Jacksons diary (as cited by Simon, 2003) was written.

 Suppose you read Fielder (2008) and would like to paraphrase the following sentence within that article: Braun (2008) defined bat speed as the ability to catch up to a baseball with a moving bat (p. 11).

In this case, the in-text citation would be:

(Braun, 2008, as cited in Fielder, 2008).

Note: Fielder (2008) would be fully referenced within the list of References.

3. Quotes
a. Short Quotations If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by p.).

Example 1:
According to Sothern and Gordon (2003), Environmental factors may contribute as much as 80% to the causes of childhood obesity (p. 104).

 When quoting directly from print sources or online articles without any signal phrase, cite the author, year, and page number in parentheses.

Example: Obese children often engage in limited physical activity (Sothern & Gordon, 2003, p. 104).

b) Long Quotations
Place direct quotations longer than 40 words in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented (DEFAULT TAB) from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph.

 Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation inch from the new margin.
Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
Note: The right margin of the text is not justified.

Example 1 (without introductory statement):

Prince Edward Island is a curved slice of land from three to thirty-five miles wide and about one hundred and twenty miles long, lying along the southern rim of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and separated from the mainland of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia by the narrow waters of Northumberland Strait (Ives, 1999, p. 1).

Example 2 (with introductory statement):

On the other hand, Joness (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help.(p. 199)

4. Summary or Paraphrase
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required.)

Examples
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for firsttime learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

5. Quoting and Citing Sources without Pagination

If there is no apparent page number on your source, especially in cases of online references which many do not provide page numbers, cite information by paragraph number/s using the abbreviation para.

Example
The effectiveness of a communication channel lies on the ability of communicators to display their (Johnson, 2003, para. 5).

 If neither page numbers nor paragraph numbers are visible in your source, but the document uses headings, cite the quotation by heading and paragraph number under that heading. Example: In their study, Verbunt, Pernot, and Smeets (2008) found that the level of perceived disability in patients (Discussion section, para.1).