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JUSTICE
JUSTICE
Justice is the ideal, morally correct state of things and persons. It is based on individual moral rights. Justice can be handled in three subcategories which are distributive justice, retributive justice, and compensatory justice.
JUSTICE
JUSTICE
DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
COMPENSATORY JUSTICE
DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
It is interested in the fair distribution of societys benefits and burdens. The main principle of distributive justice is; If individuals are similar in the relevant aspects, they should be given similar benefits and burdens; if they are not, they should be treated dissimilarly in proportion to their dissimilarity.
RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
All, and only, guilty people deserve appropriate punishment. In order to maintain justice while punishing the person, some criteria should be taken into account. First, ignorant or unable people should not be punished. Second, there must be evidence of guilt. Finally, punishment system must be consistent and proportionate
COMPENSATORY JUSTICE
It deals with just offsetting the loss of a person who is wronged by others. The rationale behind this theory is that the person who damages someone else by doing a wrong must compensate that persons loss.
What should be the basis of an individuals share of benefits must be the contribution to the society or group. Work effort, productivity, and market forces of supply and demand are the terms argued by critics to measure the value of contribution.
ETHICS OF CARE
ETHICS OF CARE
People have an obligation to exercise special care toward those particular persons with whom we have worthy close relationships. This theory is known as ethics of care. Feminist ethicists, Carol Gilligan mostly, have developed this theory. They claim that women approach ethical issues from a nonindividualistic focus on relationships and caring.
ETHICS OF CARE
RIGHTS
RIGHTS
A right is an individuals entitlement to something. If this entitlement may be derived from a legal system that allows the person to behave in a certain way, it is called a legal right. Rights can also be the consequences of moral standards. In this case, they are called as moral rights or human rights.
RIGHTS
Rights can be understood in several ways. They can be interpreted as absence of prohibitions, authority, or existence of prohibitions.
RIGHTS
MORAL RIGHTS
They are tightly correlated with duties because what is ones right is anothers duty. Moral rights enable individuals in the free trace of their interests. Moral rights constitute a basis for justifying ones actions and for invoking the protection or assistance of others
UTILITARIANISM
UTILITARIANISM
Utilitarianism is a general term which argues that actions and policies should be evaluated on the basis of the benefits and costs they will have on society. Correct action is the one producing the greatest net benefits or lowest net costs.
UTILITARIANISM
Utilitarian approach requires a three-step process.
List the alternative actions to be applied in a certain situation Measure all costs and benefits of all alternatives Subtract the benefits from the costs and find the action with the net greatest benefits or net lowest costs
UTILITARIANISM
The net greatest benefit for all people affected by the action, not just the person doing the action
UTILITARIANISM
Utilitarianism has its origins in the works of the Greek philosopher Epicurus, but as a specific school of thought, it was originally proposed by Jeremy Bentham. From the principle of utility, Bentham found pain and pleasure to be the only intrinsic values in the world: "nature has put man under the governance of two sovereign masters: pleasure and pain."
UTILITARIANISM
Some critics argue that it contradicts with both justice and rights. They say that while maximizing the gain of society in an action, they engage in unjust actions or they violate some peoples rights. Utilitarians have developed an alternative version of utilitarianism, which is ruleutilitarianism.
RULE-UTILITARIANISM
The theory of rule-utilitarian is composed of two principles.
An action is ethically right if and only if it would be required by correct moral rules. A moral rule is correct if and only if the sum total of utilities produced if everybody to follow that rule is greater than the sum total utilities produced if everyone to follow some alternative rule.
UTILITARIANISM
It targets the net greatest benefit for all people affected from the action. People affected from this action have a stake in this decision. In other words, they are the stakeholders of this action. Enterprises should not disregard this approach in their businesses in todays highly competitive world.
Niccol Machiavelli 1469-1527 An Italian politician philosopher best known for his work "The Prince detailing his theory of government and maxims of practical statecraft suggesting certain principles of conduct specifically: cunning, duplicity, or bad faith.
The main theme of this short book is that all means may be resorted to for the establishment and preservation of authority and that the worst and most unethical and unreliable acts of the ruler are justified by the wickedness of the governed. Machiavelli principles have more to do with the efficient management of government, making management and control priority over morality
The ethical program to ensure that ethical behaviors are implemented in an organization is composed of the 12 steps.
1.Vision Statement 2.Values Statement 3.Organizational Ethic Principles 4.Ethic Officials 5.Ethic Committees 6.Ethic Communication Strategy 7.Ethic Education 8.Ethic Help Line 9.Assessment and Awarding 10.Supervision and Monitoring 11. Performance Measurement 12.Ethic Leadership