ELECTRONICS

The word Electronics is derived from Electron Mechanics which means the study of the behavior of an electron under different conditions of externally applied fields. Electronics is a field of Science and Engineering, which deals with electronic devices and their utilization. Electronic device is a device in which conduction takes place by the movement of electrons through vacuum, gas or semiconductors.

Applications of Electronics
Communications & Entertainments Medical Sciences Defence Applications Industrial Applications Instrumentations

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Introduction

Communications and Entertainments

Line Communications Telegraphy Telephony Telex Teleprinters Wireless Communications Radio broadcasting TV broadcasting Facsimile (Radiophoto) Audio Systems Public Address (PA) systems Stereo amplifiers Record players Tape recorders
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Medical Sciences
Electrocardiogram (ECG) Electrotherapy Modern X-rays

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Defence Applications
Radar guided missiles Coded communications

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Industrial Applications
Automatic control systems Heating and welding systems Electron Microscope Computers

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Instrumentation
Precision measuring instruments Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) Vacuum Tube Volt Meter (VTVM) Digital Volt Meter (DVM) Frequency Counters Signal generator pH meter Strain gauge etc.
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Atomic Structure

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Random Movement of Electrons in Aluminium atoms.

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Simplified Representation of Atoms

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Permissible Energy Levels

(for an isolated hydrogen atom)

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Types of Materials
Conductors Semiconductors Insulators

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Conductors
Electrical conductivity is excellent. Concentration of free electrons is very large ~1028 electrons/metre3. Under the influence of an applied electric field the electrons may acquire additional energy and move into higher states. The conduction and the valence band overlaps with each other. Have positive temperature coefficient of resistance, i.e., resistance increases with increase in temperature.

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Insulators
Very poor conductor of electricity. Concentration of free electrons is very small ~ 107 electrons/meter3. Large forbidden band gap separates filled valence band from the vacant band. The energy which can be supplied to an electron from an applied field is too small to carry the electrons from the filled to the vacant band.

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Semiconductors
Conductivity is in between that of conductors and insulators. Concentration of free electrons is moderate and is in between that of conductors and insulators. Width of the forbidden gap is relatively small ~ 1 eV. At 0 K : Eg for Ge ~ 0.785 eV Eg for Si ~ 1.21 eV Band gap energy in a crystal is a function of interatomic spacing and hence depends somewhat on temperature. Has negative temperature coefficient of resistance, i.e., resistance decreases with rise ion temperature.
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Energy Bands

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Materials for Semiconductors

Germanium and Silicon, which has tetravalent atoms are the two most important semiconductors used in electronic devices.

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Review
Electronics. Applications of Electronics :
Communications and Entertainments. Medical Sciences. Defence Applications. Industrial Applications. Instrumentation.

Types of Materials :
Conductors. Insulators. Semiconductors.

Atomic Structure : Energy Bands (in Na)

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