KFC 2044 NETWORK FUNDAMENTAL

Introduction to Computer Networking Protocol

Protocol

Definition: A network protocol defines rules and conventions for communication between network devices. It include mechanisms for devices to identify and make connections with each other, as well as formatting rules that specify how data is packaged into messages sent and received.
There are hundreds of different computer network protocols have been developed.

Protocol

Ethernet

Ethernet is for local area networks (LANs) commercially introduced in 1980. Standardized in IEEE 802.3 Data in Ethernet are divided into individual packets called frames. Each frame contains source and destination addresses and Error-Checking Data. The original Ethernet used coaxial cable as medium, later replaced by twisted pair and fiber optic links. Data rates were periodically increased from the original 10 Mbps, to 100 Gbps. Also Known As: 10BASE5 (10Mbps)

Ethernet

Fast Ethernet

Definition: Fast Ethernet supports a maximum data rate of 100 Mbps. Fast Ethernet began to be widely deployed in the mid-1990s as the need for greater LAN performance became critical to universities and businesses. Many network adapters support both traditional and Fast Ethernet. These so-called "10/100" adapters can usually sense the speed of the line automatically and adjust accordingly. Also Known As: 100 Mbps Ethernet

Fast Ethernet

Gigabit Ethernet

Definition: Gigabit Ethernet is a standard that supports a theoretical maximum data rate of 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps).

At one time, it was believed that achieving Gigabit speeds with Ethernet required fiber optic or other special cables. However, Gigabit Ethernet can be implemented on ordinary twisted pair copper cable (specifically, the CAT5e and CAT6 cabling standards).

Gigabit Ethernet

LocalTalk

LocalTalk is a particular implementation of the physical layer of the AppleTalk networking system from Apple Computer. LocalTalk specifies a system of shielded twisted pair cabling, plugged into self-terminating transceivers, running at a rate of 230.4 kbps. Originally released as "AppleTalk Personal Network", LocalTalk used shielded twisted-pair cable with 3-pin MiniDIN connectors.

Later, when the Mac Plus introduced the 8-pin Mini-DIN

LocalTalk

Token Ring

Token ring local area network (LAN) technology is a local area network protocol which resides at the data link layer (DLL) of the OSI model. It uses a special three-byte frame called a token that travels around the ring. Tokenpossession grants the possessor permission to transmit on the medium. Token ring frames travel completely around the loop. Initially used only in IBM computers, it was eventually standardized

Token Ring

Physically, a token ring network is wired as a star, with 'hubs' and arms out to each station and the loop going out-and-back through each Initially (in 1985) token ring ran at 4 Mbps, but in 1989 IBM introduced the first 16 Mbps token ring products and the 802.5 standard was extended to

Token Ring

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) provides a 100 Mbps optical standard for data transmission in a local area network that can extend in range up to 200 kilometers (120 mi). FDDI logical topology is a ring-based token network that use IEEE 802.4 token bus timed token protocol. In addition to covering large geographical areas, FDDI local area networks can support thousands of users. As a standard underlying medium it uses optical fiber. FDDI offers both a Dual-Attached Station (DAS), counter-rotating token ring topology and a

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)

FDDI was considered an attractive campus backbone technology in the early to mid 1990s since existing Ethernet networks only offered 10 Mbps transfer speeds and Token Ring networks only offered 4 Mbps or 16 Mbps speeds. Thus it was the preferred choice of that era for a high-speed backbone, but FDDI has since been effectively obsolesced by fast Ethernet which offered the same 100 Mbps speeds, but at a much lower cost and, since 1998, by Gigabit Ethernet due to its speed,

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)

A FDDI network contains two rings, one as a secondary backup in case the primary ring fails. The primary ring offers up to 100 Mbps capacity. When a network has no requirement for the secondary ring to do backup, it can also carry data, extending capacity to 200 Mbps. The single ring can extend the maximum distance; a dual ring can extend 100 km (62 mi). FDDI has a larger maximum-frame size (4,352 bytes) than standard 100 Mbps Ethernet which only supports a maximum-frame size of 1,500 bytes,

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a standard switching technique designed to unify telecommunication and computer networks. It uses asynchronous time-division multiplexing, and it encodes data into small, fixed-sized cells. This differs from approaches such as the Internet Protocol or Ethernet that use variable sized packets or frames. ATM provides data link layer services that run over a wide range of OSI physical Layer links. ATM has functional similarity with both circuit switched networking and small packet switched networking

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

It was designed for a network that must handle both traditional high-throughput data traffic (e.g., file transfers), and real-time, low-latency content such as voice and video. ATM uses a connection-oriented model in which a virtual circuit must be established between two endpoints before the actual data exchange begins. ATM is a core protocol used over the SONET/SDH backbone of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), but its use is

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

The standards for ATM were first developed in the mid 1980s. The goal was to design a single networking strategy that could transport real-time video and audio as well as image files, text and email. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) has been proposed as an enabling network technology to support broadband integrated services. It was designed to provide a single platform for the transmission of voice, video and data at specified quality of service

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

Currently voice, data and video are transported by different networks. Voice is transported by the public telephone network, and data by a variety of packet-switched networks. Video is transported by networks based on coaxial cables, satellites and radio waves. ATM is designed to integrate all these services together

Asynchrono us Transfer Mode (ATM)