DSP and Filters

Prof. Nagendra Gajjar

Assistant Professor Electronics & Communication Engineering Department

Nirma University, Ahmedabad

Agenda
Introduction to DSP Applications Digital Signals and Processing Block Diagram Advantages Disadvantages DSP Systems Filters Classifications Analog Filters Digital Filters Design of Digital Filters

Introduction to DSP

Applications Digital Signals and Processing Block Diagram Advantages Disadvantages

Digital Signal Processing

Digital Signal Processing means Processing

signals in digital domain, which includes

Modifying signal characteristics Multiplying two signals( Modulation, correlation etc) Filtering Averaging etc..

DSP can extract one signal from another DSP can analyze a signal to extract the

characteristics

Digital Signal Processing

Applications of DSP
Space
-- Remote Sensing -- Space photograph enhancement -- Diagnostic Imaging-EEG,ECG, Patient Monitoring

Medicine

-- Voice and Data Compression Communication Signal Multiplexing -- Filtering, Telecommunication

Defense

-- RADAR , SONAR -- Secure Communication,

-- Missile Guidance

Applications of DSP ( Contd..)

Speech Audio
--Speech Recognition / Synthesis -- TTS, Digital Audio --Robotic Vision -- Animation, Image Recognition

Image Processing

-- Spectrum Analysis Instrumentation / Position and Rate Control -- Noise Reduction, Automotive Control Applications

Consumer Applications

--Digital, Cellular Mobile Phoes, Digital TVs, Digital Cameras, Voice Mail Systems, Active Suspension in the cars

Signals

DSP Systems(LTI)

Signal Transforms

System Transforms

Filter Design

Qunatization

Advanced Topics

Signals
Analog Signal x = f(t)

Continuous function of independent variable Present at each and every instant of time Discrete function of time Present at discrete interval of time ( sampling period)

Digital Signal x[n]=f(nT) , T Sampling Interval

These are numbers indicating amplitude at that instant.

Converter Sampling
Continuous signal Discrete signal

Sample Signals

Types of Signals

Continuous Signals and Discrete Signals Analog Signals and Digital Signals Periodic Signal and Aperiodic Signals Natural Signals and Synthetic Signals 1-D, 2-D, Multi Dimensional Signals Multi Channel Signals Deterministic and Random Signals Real Valued and Complex Valued Signals Scalar and Vector Signals

Signals

Basic Digital Signals

Impulse Signal

Step Signal
Ramp Signal Exponential Signal

Sinusoidal Signal

Block Diagram of DSP System

ADC

Digital Processing

DAC

Analog Filter ( Antialias Filter )

Analog Filter ( Reconstruction Filter )

Components of DSP system

Components of DSP System

Components of DSP System

Another Example

Basic DSP operations

Addition

Subtraction
Delay Multiplication

Key DSP operations

Convolution

Y(n)

= k x(k) h(n-k)

Correlation Filtering Multiplexing Demultiplexing Modulation Demodulation Transforms

Filtering

Filtering

Modulation - DeModulation

Advantages of DSP
High Performance

Guaranteed Accuracy Stability Uniformity

Time and Temp have no effect

High Reliability

Flexibility

Software Controlled

Time sharing of Components

Advantages of DSP ( Contd..)

No loading of Circuit

Exact Linear Phase

Multirate Signal Processing Easy Storage for large amount of data Very Low frequency Processing Reconfigurable Processing

Disadvantages of DSP
Speed and Cost

ADC/ DAC Frequency Range Increased Complexity Knowledge of DSP techniques

Design Time

Power Dissipation

Finite word length problems

DSP- When to use ?

Real Time Processing ( Processing

completed within the sampling duration) Pseudo Real-time Processing Off-Line Processing
T= 1/f

Sampling Duration T

Digitization of Analog Signals

Sampling

Lossless Process Done at Nyquist Rate Lossy Process More nits improve resolution and reduce quantization noise

Quantization

DSP Systems
A system is defined as a process that produces an output signal in response to an input signal.
x[n] y[n]

SYSTEM

System Response of OPAMP

system, in which the required information is stored, either as IMPULSE Response, FREQUENCY Response, or the Coefficients of the systems equation.

BLACK BOX

Vin

Vout

Types of systems
Systems are basically divided in two categories. . Values defined at all CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEMS. points DISCRETE TIME SYSTEMS.
CONTINUOUS TIME SYSTEM

X(t)

Y(t)

DISCRETE TIME SYSTEM

X(n)

Y(n)
Values defined only at certain points values in between are not defined.

System Characteristics
Linearity

Super Position Homogeneous

Time Invariance

Causality
Stability

Such Systems are called as LTI- Causal Systems

Digital System Equation

Recursive System Output of the system depends upon the current input and its weighed previous input as well as its weighted previous outputs Closed Loop systems Non Recursive Systems Output of the system depends upon the current input and its weighed previous input Open Loop systems Always Stable

Types of Digital Systems

FIR Finite Impulse Response Filter

IIR Infinite Impulse Response Filter

Filters
An electrical device which retains certain

frequency components and rejects certain frequency components It amplifies/attenuates certain frequency components
Magnitude

Frequency

Classification of Filters Based on Frequency Characteristics

Low Pass Filter

High Pass Filter

Band Pass Filter Band Reject Filter Notch Filter Multi Pass filter ( Comb Filter )

Filter Specifications
Pass Band Frequency Stopband Frequency

Passband Ripple
Stopband Ripple Sampling Frequency

Computation of Order
N= -10 log(delp * dels) -15

+1

14[ ( ws wp)/2 *pi ]

In MATLAB Fir1 :

In MATLAB: fir2
Fir2 : FIR arbitrary filter design using the

frequency sampling method

B=fir2(N,F,am,NPT,window)

N- Order of the Filter F- Frequency sampling Points A- Amplitude NPT, No of Points for frequency response Window : Type of window

Analog Filter Design

FIR Advantages
Linear Phase

Multi band is possible

Simple structure Always stable and no limit cycle Easy to get high speed and pipeline design Low coefficient arithmetic and round off error

and well defined quantization noise

FIR Disadvantages
Recursive FIR may be unstalbe because of

imperfact pole/zero annihilation High Filter length/ order requires high implementation cost

IIR Advantages
Standard Design using analog prototpyes

Highly selective filter using low order design

Design using tables and pocket calculators Good tolerance scheme Closed Loop Design Algorithms can be used.

IIR Filter Disadvantages

Non Linear Phase response

Limit cycle may occur for integer

implementation Multiband design is difficult Feedback can introduce instabilities Difficult to get high Speed, pipelines design

Summary of Important IIR Design

Butterworth: Maximally flat passband, flat stopband, wide transitionband : Filter order highest Chebyshev-I Equiripple passband, flat stopband, moderate transition band Chebyshev II Flat passband, equiripple stopband, moderate transition band : Filter Order Medium Elliptic: Equiripple passband, equiripple stop band narrow transition bnad : Filter order : Lowest

Thank You
npgajjar@yahoo.com