INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY

Department of Microbiology Medical Faculty USU

Specific Learning Objectives

1. Menjelaskan asal usul mikroorganisme 2. Menyebutkan tokoh/perintis dalam bidang mikrobiologi 3. Menyebutkan kaidah mikroba sebagai penyebab penyakit (Postulat Koch) 4. Menjelaskan perbedaan dan perbandingan sifat virus, bakteri, jamur, chlamydia dan ricketsia

REFERENCES
JAWETZ, MELNICK & ADELBERGS MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY, 24TH EDITION by Geo. F. Brooks, Karen C. Carroll, Janet S. Butel, and Stephen A. Morse, McGraw-Hill, 2007. MIKROBIOLOGI KEDOKTERAN, Edisi Revisi, Pengarang Staf Pengajar FK UI, Binarupa Aksara.

REFERENCES
Lippincotts Illustrated Reviews Microbiology 2nd edition by Richard A. Harvey, Pamela C. Champe, Bruce D. Fisher, 2007, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY by FH Kayser, K.A. Bienz, J. Eckert, R.M.Zinkernagel, Thieme, 2005.

Microbiology defined
study of microorganisms, where the The individual cells of the 'microbe' can't be seen by the unaided human eye' is, we need to use specialized detection That systems-usually optical instruments termed

microscopes. There are 2 main type main types of microscopes in use: - Bright field microscope: 1000 times - Electron microscope: 106 times

What is microbiology?
Bacteriology Virology Mycology Immunology

In clinical microbiology we have interest in both

Bacteria (procaryotic)
Eg Staph sp, Strep sp, E.coli, Mycoplasma sp

Fungi (eucaryotic)
Eg Candida sp (single celled yeast), Aspergillus sp (multicelled)

Parasites (eucaryotic)
Eg Giardia lamblia, Plasmodium sp (malaria)

Viruses
Eg HIV, HBV, HBC, Rubella, Herpes (EBV, VZ, HSV)

Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Characteristic Chromosome Nucleus Membrane-bound organelles Prokaryotic cells Single, circular No nuclear membrane or nucleoli Not present Eukaryotic cells Multiple Membrane-bound, nuceoli present Present (examples include mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum)

Cell wall

Usually present, many contain Present in plant cells, no peptidoglycan peptidoglycan

Sterol and carbohydrates present 80S 10-100 m in diameter

Plasma membrane No carbohydrates, most lack sterols Ribosome Average size 70S 0,2-2 m in diameter

Replication

Binary fission

Budding or mitosis

Procaryotes
Procaryotes (refers mainly to the bacteria) No nucleus Generally circular DNA genome +/- cell wall Can have extrasomal DNA DNA without introns Haploid (chromosome) Binary division

Eucaryotes
Eucaryotes (include fungi, protozoa, helminth) Have nucleus Other membrane organelles Diploid chromosomes Mitotic & meiotic division Have introns and exons

BACTERIA
Reproduce asexually by binary transverse fission. Do not possess the nucleus typical of eucaryotic microorganisms. The cell walls of these organisms are rigid (with some exceptions, e.g., the mycoplasma).

ATYPICAL BACTERIA
Chlamydiae
Obligate intracellular parasites that are able to reproduce only in living cells. Found in two stages: the infectious, nonreproductive particles called elementary bodies ( 0.3 m) and the noninfectious, intracytoplasmic, reproductive forms known as initial (or reticulate) bodies ( 1 m).

ATYPICAL BACTERIA
Rickettsiae
Obligate intracellular parasites. Rod shaped to coccoid. Reproduce by binary transverse fission. The diameter of the individual cell is from 0.31 m. Have cell wall like bacteria

Virus
Contain only one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA No enzymatic energy producing system No protein synthesizing apparatus Force infected host cells to synthesize virus particles

A little History
Before about 1650 philosophers believed in
SPONTANEOUS GENERATION Significant discoveries altered this thinking.
Aristotle (384-322 BC)

Some of the key players were:

ANTHONY van LEEUWENHOEK, 1674 Mid 17th Century probably 1st to observe microbes under max. 200x magnification
Robert Hooke first to observe Although microbes through magnification- Its thought he

saw protozoa (larger cells such as amoebae)

LOUIS PASTEUR:

Demonstrated by the use of sterile

media that microbes were in fact present in air And that air does not create microbes

Used broths in flasks and S funneled microbial trap experiments prove that Spontaneous Generation is wrong. Fermentation Pasteurization

Joseph LISTER (1860)

Adopted the use of 'aseptic' techniques which lead to its general adoption

ROBERT KOCH (1876)

Prove that specific infectious diseases were caused by specific organisms. Experiments with the very lethal disease (especially of cattle) anthrax Discover the Koch bacilli (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) 1882

Koch and wife 1905-Nobel Prize

KOCHS POSTULATES
1. The same 'pathogen' must be present in every case of the disease 2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture 3. The pathogen when inoculated into a susceptible uninfected host causes the disease 4. The pathogen must be re-isolated in pure culture from the inoculated animal

Edward Jenner, 1796 First successful vaccination

Relationship of cowpox to smallpox Smallpox (virus) 30-40% mortality Viremia followed by death Last naturally occurring case in Africa, 1976 Role of WHO in smallpox eradication Possible because humans are the only smallpox host.

 Griffith 1928 Experiment to determine which part of a pneumococcus bacteria caused the disease. 1944 Genetic material is DNA, not the capsule, not the cytoplasm. Provided the groundwork for Avery and McLeods definitive work, as well as for Watson and Crick (1953) DNA Structure
Fleming 1929 Penicillin (beta lactam ring in outer layer of a bacteria is inhibited, making cell wall synthesis impossible)