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RF Optimization - South
Contents
Overview of 3G 3G Spectrum Multiple Access and Duplex Technology Characteristics of WCDMA System CDMA Principle and RAKE technology
Overview of 3G
We have 4 generations of mobile/data communications: 1G analog cellular mobile communication, ex: AMPS (advanced mobile phone system). Disadvantages: no high speed services, limited types of services etc.. To Solve these disadvantages 2G was developed. 2G ex: DAMPS or IS-54 of USA using 800MHZ & the IS-95 (CDMA mode) European using 800 or 1900MHZ. 2ndG GSM system uses FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) &TDMA modes and each carrier has 8 channels 200KHZ apart. Advantages: transmission of voice& low speed data service. 2.5G and 2.75G address the medium rate data transmission using GPRS and EGPRS.
3G system can provide multiple kinds of high quality multimedia services. It has a very large capacity which is 10 times that of analog.
4G system that is known as LTE (Long Term Evolution). It is capable of reaching 100Mbps in the DL and 50Mbps in the UL.
3G has two standardizing bodies: 3GPP(3G partnership project) &3GPP2. 3GPP adopts the WCDMA technologies to construct a new RAN and a core switching network. 3GPP2 adopts the cdma2000 which is applied for radio access.
In 3G there are three types of services: Circuit Switched: This includes voice and video calls. Packet Switched (Real Time): Like Streaming sessions. Packet Switched (Non-Real Time): This includes services like Email and MMS.
There are four traffic classes in 3G: Conversational Streaming Interactive Background
Traffic class
Conversational class
Streaming class
Interactive class
Fundamental - Preserve time characteristics relation (variation) between information entities of the stream Conversational pattern (stringent and low delay ) Example of the - voice, application videotelephone
- Preserve time - Request relation (variation) response pattern between information entities of the stream
- Preserve payload - Preserve payload content content VOD, Web broadcast - Web browsing, network games - background download of emails
conversational
AMR speech service Video telephony CS64
streaming interactive
Web-browsing. Games
background
e-mail delivery SMS ...
CN
Iu
UTRAN
Uu
UE
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network CN Core Network UE User Equipment
telecommunication system that uses WCDMA as air interface. UMTS consists of UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network), CN &UE. RAN is used to process all radio related functions. CN is used to process all voice calls and data connections & it implements the function of external network switching &routing, CN is divided into CS which covers MSC, VLR, IWF, GMSC, &PS which provides packet data services for subscribers. This includes the SGSN & GGSN.
establishment modulation/demodulation and Node B is the base station of WCDMA system. UE is divided into ME &USIM (UMTS subscriber module). R99 network structure has considered the 2G/3G compatibility so as to support the smooth transition of GSM/GPRS/3G.
3G Spectrum
-1920-1980 and 2110-2170 MHz (UL / DL) Frequency Division Duplex (FDD, W-CDMA) Paired uplink and downlink, -12 paired channels with spacing=5MHZ. -UARFCN = 5 * (frequency in MHz)
Time division multiple access (TDMA) Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Duplex technology
High Spectral Efficiency Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1. Soft capacity Quality Coverage Interference Self-interference system A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.
Correlation
Correlation is a measure of similarity of between any two arbitrary signals. EXAMPLE:
+1 0 -1 +1 0 -1 +1 0 -1
+1 0 -1
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,2,1 = (1,-1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
Autocorrelation
Example: -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1
Correlation
Delay time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Delay time (chip)
sequence -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1
1 -1 Spreading 1 -1 1 -1
Radio channel
Source decoding
Channel decoding
Despreading
Demodulation
Noise
Signal Combination
Spreading code
RAKE receiver helps to overcome the multi-path fading and enhances the receive performance of the system
Channel bandwidth: 5MHz Chip rate: 3.84Mcps Frame length: 10ms Voice coding: AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate)
Compatible with GSM-MAP core network Comparatively steady version R99 has been released Supports open loop and closed loop transmit diversity mode Supports Common Packet Channel (CPCH) and Downlink Share Channel.
Advantages of WCDMA
RAKE receiver is adopted The time diversity effect generated by channel coherence time is efficiently used. Frequency diversity
Wideband frequency spectrum
Great flexibility in carrying multiple services with largely different bit rate and QoS requirement.
Different spreading factors for different services with different data rates
AMC
HARQHybrid ARQ
Fast Scheduling
16QAM
Packet2
UE Receiver
Packet1?
Packet 1 + Packet1?
Microscopic diversity
Microscopic Diversity
Time diversity
Channel coding, Block interleaving, error-correction
Frequency diversity
The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth frequency spectrum
Space diversity
Receive diversity Transmit diversity
Polarization diversity
Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization
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Equal-Gain Combiner
Equal-gain combining is similar to maximal-ratio combining, but there is no attempt to weight the signal before addition.
Selection Combiner
Choose the signal with the highest instantaneous quality, so the output quality is equal to that of the best incoming signal.
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Smart Antenna
Omni antenna
Directional antenna
Smart antenna
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Thank You