Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Prose
There are 2 types of writing: prose- consists of those written within the common flow of conversation in sentences and paragraphs Poetry- refers to those expressions in verse, with measure and rhyme, line and stanza and has a more melodious tone Prose is divided into 2 categories: short story novel
Short Story
Definition: Fictional story that can be read in one sitting. Example: A Rose for Emily, The Cask of Amontillado, or The Most Dangerous Game
Novel
Elements of Prose
Plot
The framework or skeleton of the story; A series of related events that are linked together
Climax: Most exciting or suspenseful moment when something happens to determine the outcome of the conflict.
Example:
And what happened then...? Well...in Who-ville they say That the Grinch's small hear Grew three sizes that day!
Example: He whizzed with his load through the Endings may be happy or tragic bright morning light And he brought back the toys! And the food for the feast! And he......HE HIMSELF...! The Grinch carved the roast beast!
Freytags Pyramid
Gustav Freytag was a Nineteenth Century German novelist who saw common patterns in the plots of stories and novels and developed a diagram to analyze them. He diagrammed a story's plot using a pyramid like the one shown here:
Character- A person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot. Characterization: The process of revealing the personality of a character in a story.
1.
2. 3.
4.
5.
A writer can reveal a character in the following ways: Letting up hear the character speak Describing how the character looks & dresses Letting us listen to the characters inner thoughts and feelings Revealing what other characters in the story think or say about the character Showing us what the character does how he or she acts
*These call on the reader to take the information he or she is given to interpret for himself/herself the kind of character he or she is reading about. This is called INDIRECT CHARACTERIZATION
Types of Characters
Dynamic Character: The character changes as a result of the action of the story.
Example-
Static Character: The character does not change much in the course of the story.
Example-
Types of Characters
be good or evil
Antagonist: The character or force that comes into conflict with the protagonist
Can
be another person, an animal, a force of nature, society, the characters own conscience, etc.
Setting
Defintion: The time and location in which the story takes place
Setting
Purpose of Setting 1. Gives background information 2. Provides conflict - Man vs. Nature, Man vs. Society 3. Can reveal a lot about someones character 4. Provides mood or atmosphere - Mood- the feeling WE get when we read a story 5. Can paint images for the reader - Images words that call forth the 5 senses
Theme
Definition: The insight about human life that is revealed in a literary work. The golden thread woven throughout the story.
-The theme is what the author is saying through the story (its a deeper truth about reality) - The plot how he says it : it is the story he uses to get this point across
Point of View
Definition:
The direction from which the writer has chosen to tell the story
First Person: One of the characters tells the story; talks directly to the reader
Uses the pronoun I, me, we, or us
2.
Third Person Limited: The narrator will focus on the thoughts & feelings of just one character
- Reader experiences the events of the story through the memory and senses of only one character
Third-Person Omniscient- All-knowing - An all-knowing narrator who refers to all the characters as he and she. Knows the thoughts and feelings of ALL of the characters. *The narrator is not necessarily the storys author*
Conflict
Definition- It exists when a character is struggling with something or someone Could be a number of things: - Another person, an animal, - an inanimate object- a rock, the weather - The characters own personality
External Conflict
External Conflict- Caused by something OUTSIDE the character - Example: an another character, a river, weather, society - Man vs. Man, Man vs. Nature, Man vs. Society
Internal Conflict
Internal Conflict- Character struggles with some personal quality that is causing trouble - Example: vanity, pride, selfishness, grief - Man vs. Self
Foreshadowing
Definition:
Suspense
Definition:
Parody
Definition:
Satire
Definition: A kind of writing that ridicules human weakness, vice, or folly in order to bring about social reform.
Example:
Irony
Verbal: Someone says one thing but means another - also known as sarcasm
Irony
2. Situational: When a reader expects one
Example- Everyone knows the sad irony in Richard Cory. Why would someone so successful and rich be so unhappy as to kill himself? In a wonderfully ironic letter, George Bernard Shaw celebrates his mothers death and cremation. Charles Dickens character Mr. McChoakumchild is anything but a teacher.
Irony
3. Dramatic: When the character in a play thinks one thing is true, but the audience knows better. The audience has inside information that a character does not. - This information usually comes in the form of an aside or a soliloquy. - Example: In Romeo and Juliet, Romeo says that his grave is like to be his wedding bed. Little does he know that his marriage will be the cause of his untimely death. We as an audience knows because we heard the prologue at the beginning of the play.
Soliloquy
Definition: A character stands alone on stage and addresses the world (audience), giving voice to his innermost thoughts and feelings.
To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, Example: To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury Signifying nothing." Macbeth (Act 5, Scene 5, lines 17-28)
Aside
Definition: Words that are spoken by a character in a play to the audience only or to another character only. They are not supposed to be overheard by others on stage. It is meant to let someone in on a secret or for a character to give personal comments about current events in the play.
Time, thou anticipatest my dread exploits. The flighty purpose never is o'ertook Unless the deed go with it. From this moment The very firstlings of my heart shall be The firstlings of my hand. And even now, To crown my thoughts with acts, be it thought and done: The castle of Macduff I will surprise, Seize upon Fife, give to the edge o' the sword His wife, his babes, and all unfortunate souls That trace him in his line.
Tone: The attitude the writer takes toward the subject of a work, the characters in it, or the audience.
I
am getting married
Tone Example
Denotation/Connotation
Example: Mom-Female individual who gives birth and physical care to her offspring.
Connotation: Feelings people get from hearing or reading a particular word - Example: Mom-Hug, loving, caring, dries tears, role model
Denotation/Connotation
Dog
Denotation: Domesticated, 4-legged canine Connotation: Smelly, fluffy, mans best friend
playful, loyal, protective
Denotation/Connotation
Fair Denotation: Amusement park which travels; also includes agricultural exhibits Connotation: fun, food, crowded, smelly, carnies