2 NUTRITION

What is Nutrition?
Nutrition

- the entire process by which organism obtain energy from food for growth, maintenance and repair of damaged tissues Nutrient the substances that are required for the nourishment of an organism

2.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF TAKING GOOD NUTRITION AND PRACTICING GOOD EATING HABITS

Good

nutrition nutrition which contain all the right amount of seven classes of food (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water and fibres).

Good Eating Habits

Taking

food in the correct quantity at correct time Include: 1.Taking meals at appropriate time 2.Avoid overeating or eating too little during meal 3.Eating variety of foods to satisfy bodys requirement

Good Eating Habits

Taking balanced diet. 5. Eating sufficient amount of fibre 6. Drinking at least 2 to 3 litres of water daily 7. Avoiding excessive fatty food and food rich in sugar
4.

What are the importance of taking good nutrition and practicing good eating habits? For the growth, repair and replacement of damaged cells For energy supply For the maintenance of good health

Calorific

values the quantity of heat energy released when one gram of food is completely burnt. Calorific values depend on the content of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the food. Energy obtained from the oxidation of food. The energy from food can be measured using calories (cal.) or kilocalories (kcal.)

Calorific values of different classes of food

For each gram of

Calorific value Kilojoule Kilocalori s (kJ) e (kcal)

Carbohydrat 16.7 4 es Proteins 16.7 4 Fats 37.6 9 1000 calories(cal.) = 1 kilocalorie(kcal) 1000 joules(J) = 1 kilojoules(kJ) 1 calorie = 4.2 joules 1 kilocalorie = 4.2 kilojoules

The

calorific value of food can be measured by using a bomb calorimeter

Simple apparatus to measure the calorific value of food

Example of calculation:
The

mass of groundnut = 12g The mass of water = 100g Initial temperature = 30oC Final temperature = 40oC Formula:
4.2(Jg-1oC) X mass of water (g) X Energy= increase in temperature (oC)___ (kJg-1) Value mass of food (g) X 1000

Energy

value (kJ) = 100g X (40oC- 30oC) X 4.2J/g/oC 12 g X 1000 Energy value of groundnut = 0.35 kJ/g

The calorific value of various type of food

Calculating the total of calorific value of food Example:

Aminah is taking 250g of rice, 100g chicken meat, 150g egg, 100g papaya and drink 200g milk. Calculate the total energy of food taken by Aminah.

Types of food Rice Chicken meat Egg Papaya Milk

Calorific value 250g X 15.31kJ/g = 3827.5kJ 100g X 5.90kJ/g = 590kJ 150g X 6.12kJ/g = 918kJ 100g X 1.64kJ/g = 164kJ 200g X 2.74kJ/g = 548kJ

Total calorific value = 6047.5kJ

If the recommended daily calorie value for female is 2200kCal (9240kJ), is Aminah taking the correct amount of food? 2. Do Aminah taking a balance diet?
1.

Exercise
1.Make a list of food that you take for your breakfast, lunch and dinner one day. (refer to page 31 in Process Skill Book) Types of Types of Quantity Calorific meal food value (kJ) Breakfast Lunch Dinner Total

Calculate the total calories obtained from the food in your list. 2. Do you take a correct amount of food? (Daily energy requirement for female 2200kCal and male 4000kCalx4.2kJ=16800kJ) 3. Do you have a balance diet?
1.

Example:
Types of meal Breakfast Types of food Milk White bread Margarine Rice Egg Banana Rice Chicken meat Banana Quantity 250g 250g 50g 250g 200g 100g 250g 250g 100g Calorific value (kJ) 250X2.74=685kJ 250X10.12=2530kJ 50X29.80=1490kJ 250X15.31=3827.5kJ 220X6.12=1224kJ 100x3.26=326kJ 250X15.31=3827.5kJ 250X5.90=1575kJ 100x3.26=326kJ

Lunch

Dinner

Factors that affect the calories required by an individual 1. Sex/gender men need more
energy because they are more active than women Body size a bigger body size requires more energy than a smaller body size Age younger people require more energy than older people because the younger people are more active

2.

3.

Factors that affect the calories required by an individual 4. Condition of health sick people
require more energy than healthy people 5. Physical activity active people or laborourers require more energy 6. Surrounding climate people live in cold climates require more energy to maintain their body temperature

Health problems related to nutrition and eating habits

Malnutrition

condition of a person caused by unbalanced diet, either too little or too much food, or not having enough essential nutrients. Diseases caused by malnutrition.

Health problems related to nutrition and eating habits

Other

health problems are: 1.Obesity a condition in which excess fats have accumulated in the body and can cause other complications such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension or gallstone. 2.Anorexia nervosa a psychological disease resulting in great loss of weight due to refusal to eat, obsessed with being thin and believes that they are fat even

Obese people Anorexic people

 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

A diet which contain the right amount of seven classes of food: Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water Roughage/Fibre

Balance diet

Food Guide Pyramid

Test your understanding

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

What is a calorie? What is the unit used to measure calorific value of food? Explain the factors that affect calorific required by an individual? How does obesity differ from anorexia nervosa? Explain why a person needs to eat a balanced diet.

2.2 THE NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT OF PLANTS

16

important chemical elements for plant growth and survival Divided into 2 groups: 1.Non mineral (3 elements) hydrogen, oxygen and carbon 2.Mineral (13 elements) nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, magnesium, calcium, boron, copper, iron, chloride, manganese, molybdenum and

Mineral

elements can be divided into 2 group: 1.Macronutrient minerals needed in large quantities (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, magnesium and calcium.) 2.Micronutrient minerals needed in small quantities (boron, copper, iron, chloride, manganese, molybdenum and

The effects of deficiency on plant growth.

Nitrogen

- Reduce yields, cause yellowing of the leaves and stunt growth - Deficiency symptom yellow leaves Phosphorus - Yields of fruits and flower are poor. - Fruits and flower may drop prematurely

The effects of deficiency on plant growth.

Potassium

- Low yields - Deficiency symptom burnt look and spotted or curled leaves.

Potassium deficiency

Phosphorus deficiency

Test your understanding

What are macronutrients? 2. What are micronutrients? 3. Explain the major functions of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. 4. What are the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium deficiency on plant growth?
1.

2.3 Nitrogen Cycle

What is nitrogen cycle?

The

natural circulation of nitrogen within the atmosphere, the soil and water, and the plants and animals of the earth.

Processes involve in the Nitrogen Cycle

Four

processes occur in the Nitrogen Cycle 1.Nitrogen fixation 2.Putrefaction / Decomposition 3.Nitrification 4.Denitrification

Nitrogen cycle

1. Nitrogen fixation
The

conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate ions Carried out through the action of lightning or by nitrogen-fixing bacteria During thunderstorms, energy is produced by lightning enables atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen to combine, forming oxides of nitrogen. These oxides of nitrogen will

1. Nitrogen fixation
When

the acids in the rainwater come down to the soil, they react with soil minerals to produce nitrate ions. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria have the ability to fix nitrogen gas in the atmosphere into nitrate ions. Example of nitrogen-fixing bacteria Rhizobium bacteria that live at leguminous plants

2. Putrefaction
When

plants and animals die, the protein in their body will be decomposed into ammonium compounds by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. This process is called putrfaction

3. Nitrification
When

plants and animal die, their remains are decomposed into ammonium compounds. These ammonium compounds can be oxidised into nitrates and then nitrites by a process nitrification. Nitrification is performed by a group of bacteria called nitrifying bacteria.

4. Denitrification
Done

by a group of bacteria called denitrifying bacteria which live in soil deficient of oxygen. They are capable of breaking down nitrates into oxygen and nitrogen gases. The oxygen is used by the bacteria and the nitrogen will be released into the air. This helps maintain the nitrogen

Nitrifying bacteria

Denitrifying bacteria

The importance of nitrogen cycle

1.

2. 3.

4. 5.

Maintaining the concentration of nitrogen gas (78%) in the atmosphere. Supplying nitrates to the plants. Ensuring a continuous supply of plants and animals protein for human being. Controlling pollution. Maintaining soil fertility.

Test your understanding

What is nitrogen cycle? 2. Explain how nitrogen cycle happens? 3. What are the importance of nitrogen cycle?
1.