common and frequently encountered machines in industry. Simple design, rugged, low-price, easy maintenance. wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower to 10 MW . Run essentially as constant speed from no-load to full load. Its speed depends on the frequency of the power source not easy to have variable speed control requires a variable-frequency power-electronic drive for optimal speed control
Construction An induction motor has two main parts A Stationary stator consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow, cylindrical core core, constructed from stacked laminations (why?), having a number of evenly spaced slots, providing the space for the stator winding A Revolving rotor composed of punched laminations, stacked to create a series of rotor slots, providing space for the rotor winding one of two types of rotor windings conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire (wound-rotor) similar to the winding on the stator aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by two aluminum rings, forming a squirrel-cage shaped circuit (squirrel-cage)
Rotating Magnetic Field Balanced three phase windings, i.e. mechanically displaced 120 degrees form each other, fed by balanced three phase source. A rotating magnetic field with constant magnitude is produced, rotating with a speed.
120 e sync f n rpm P = Principle of operation
When balanced three-phase voltage is applied to the windings of the stator, the balanced three-phase currents flows in three interconnected phase windings. This rotating magnetic field cuts the rotor windings and produces an induced voltage in the rotor windings. The rotor current produces another magnetic field A torque is produced as a result of the interaction of those two magnetic fields Induction Motor Speed IM will always run at a speed lower than the synchronous speed The difference between the motor speed and the synchronous speed is called the Slip speed
Where n slip = slip speed n sync = speed of the magnetic field n m = mechanical shaft speed of the motor slip sync m n n n = The Slip
sync m sync n n s n
= Where s is the slip Notice that : if the rotor runs at synchronous speed s = 0 if the rotor is stationary s = 1 Slip may be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the above eq. by 100, notice that the slip is a ratio and doesnt have units Type of INDUCTION MOTOR There are two category of Induction motor 1.Squirrel cage motors
induction motor 9 2.Slip Ring Motor The rotor contains windings similar to stator.
The connections from rotor are brought out using slip rings that are rotating with the rotor and carbon brushes that are static. Torque-speed characteristics Typical torque-speed characteristics of induction motor Comments 1. The induced torque is zero at synchronous speed. Discussed earlier. 2. The curve is nearly linear between no-load and full load. In this range, the rotor resistance is much greater than the reactance, so the rotor current, torque increase linearly with the slip. 3. There is a maximum possible torque that cant be exceeded. This torque is called pullout torque and is 2 to 3 times the rated full-load torque. 4. The starting torque of the motor is slightly higher than its full-load torque, so the motor will start carrying any load it can supply at full load. 5. The torque of the motor for a given slip varies as the square of the applied voltage. 6. If the rotor is driven faster than synchronous speed it will run as a generator, converting mechanical power to electric power. COMPLETE TORQUE SPEED C/C Maximum torque Maximum torque occurs when the power transferred to R 2 /s is maximum. This condition occurs when R 2 /s equals the magnitude of the impedance R TH + j (X TH + X 2 ) max 2 2 2 2 ( ) TH TH T R R X X s = + + max 2 2 2 2 ( ) T TH TH R s R X X = + + The corresponding maximum torque of an induction motor equals
The slip at maximum torque is directly proportional to the rotor resistance R 2
The maximum torque is independent of R 2 2 max 2 2 2 3 1 2 ( ) TH s TH TH TH V R R X X t e | | | = | + + + \ . Maximum torque Effect of rotor resistance on torque-speed characteristic Losses & Efficiency Motor losses may be categorized as those which are Fixed losses are assumed to be constant at all conditions of motor loading from no load to full rated load . Fixed losses include magnetic core losses (hysteresis and eddy current) and mechanical friction losses (bearing friction, brush friction, and air friction or windage)
Variable Losses are those that vary with the load on the motor and thus with the motor current. These losses increase as the load on the motor, and therefore as the current drawn by the motor, increase. They are primarily the power lost in the resistance of the motor windings and are often called copper losses, or I2R losses. Variable losses also include stray load losses such as minor variations in fixed losses with load and speed and other small miscellaneous losses. Motor Efficiency is the output of the motor divided by the electrical input to the motor; usually expressed as a percentage power or work output which is input less losses. Efficiency (%) = Watts output x 100 / Watts input = 746 x HP x 100 / (V x I x PF) = (Input Losses) x 100 / Input = Output x 100 / (Output + losses) Motor energy losses can be segregated into five major areas, each of which is influenced by design and construction decision.
1. Stator power Losses (Iron & Copper loss) 2. Rotor power Losses (Iron & Copper loss) 3. Magnetic core Loss (Hysteresis & Eddy current) 4. Friction and windage 5. Stray load losses
How to improve efficiency? Frictional loss and windage loss are constant, independent of shaft load, and are typically very small. The major losses are iron loss and copper loss. The iron loss is essentially constant and independent of shaft load, while the copper loss is an I2R loss which is shaft load dependent. The iron loss is voltage dependent and will reduce with reducing voltage. 1) Stator Power Losses Stator losses appear as heating due to current flow (I) through the resistance (R) of the stator winding. This is commonly referred to as an I 2 R loss. Stator Losses = I 2 R I 2 R losses can be reduced by modifying the stator slot design or by decreasing insulation thickness to increase the volume of wire in the stator. the winding resistance is inversely proportional to the weight of copper conductors used in the stator winding. 2) Rotor Losses Rotor losses consist of copper and iron losses. During normal operation of induction motors, since the slip is very small, the magnetic reversals in the rotor core are only in the order of one or two per second. The iron losses caused by this are very small and hence can be neglected. Rotor Losses = Copper losses = input power to rotor output power of rotor The rotor loss is a function of slip. Rotor losses can be reduced by increasing the size of the conductive bars and end rings to produce a lower resistance, or by reducing the electrical current. 1. MAINTAIN VOLTAGE LEVELS 2. ELIMINATE PHASE UNBALANCE 3. MAINTAIN HIGH POWER FACTOR 4. USE ENERGY EFFICIENT MOTORS
Why Choose Energy-Efficient Motors? In comparison to standard motors, high efficiency motors are approximately 20% more expensive. however the increased costs are justified with an attractive payback period in most of the cases. The following table provides a comparison of the operating costs for 50 HP motor over 20 years life span .
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