prevention,prog

nosis and

Presented by
Syadzwina Syaufika
Prevention...
• The best way to prevent ear infections is to
prevent colds and flu.
• Good Hygiene..
• Good hygine Colds and flus are spread
primarily when an infected person coughs or
sneezes near someone else. A very common
method for transmitting a cold is by shaking hands.
Waterless hand cleaners that contain an alcohol-
based gel are also effective for everyday use and
may even kill cold viruses. (They are less effective,
however, if extreme hygiene is required. In such
cases, alcohol-based rinses are needed.)
Antibacterial soaps add little protection, particularly
against viruses.
• Flu Vaccines. Flu vaccines produce an
immune response that attacks the active virus.
Vaccines are typically given by injection. Antibodies
to the influenza virus generally develop within 2
weeks of vaccination, and immunity peaks within 4
- 6 weeks, then gradually wanes.
• Antiviral Drugs. Antiviral drugs are
available to treat influenza. One such drug,
oseltamivir (Tamiflu), is approved for use
in children age 1 year and older. Studies
report significant reduction in symptoms
and in the incidence of ear infections with
this drug.
Preventing Bacterial
Infections
• Antibiotics have been used to prevent
bacterial infections in children with
recurrent ear infections (4 or more
episodes a year).
• Pneumococcal Vaccine. The
pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) protects
against S. pneumoniae (also called pneumococcal)
bacteria in children, the most common cause of
middle ear infections, pneumonia, and other
respiratory infections. The recommended schedule
of pneumococcal immunization is four doses, given
at 2, 4, 6, and 12 - 15 months of age
Dietary Factors and
Supplements
• Healthy Diet. Daily diets should include
foods such as fresh, dark-colored fruits
and vegetables, which are rich in
antioxidants and other important food
chemicals that help boost the immune
system.
Prognosis...
• There has been some concern that ear
infections in infants less than three months
old may indicate more serious infections,
such as meningitis.
• Chronic otitis media usually responds to
treatment, but your child may need to
continue taking medicines for several
months. Such ear infections are not life
threatening but can be uncomfortable and
may result in hearing loss and other
serious complications.
• With treatment, the prognosis for acute
otitis media is very good. However, long-
lasting accumulations of fluid within the
middle ear are a risk both for difficulties
with hearing and speech.Furthermore,
without treatment, otitis media can lead to
an infection within the nearby mastoid
bone, called mastoiditis.
Epidemiology...
• Race Until recently, prevalence of OM in
the United States was reported to be
higher in black and Hispanic children than
in white children.
• Sex Several more recent studies have
shown equal AOM prevalence in males
and females; many previous studies had
shown increased incidence in boys.
• Age Peak prevalence of OM in both
sexes occurs in children aged 6-18
months.
• Some studies show bimodal prevalence
peaks; a second, lower peak occurs at age
4-5 years and corresponds with school
entry.
• Although OM can occur at any age, 80-
90% of cases occur in children younger
Referensi...
• www.emedicine.com
• www.umm.edu
• www.medlineplus.com
-Thank You-