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INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY

JIYAS J LEBBA

FORESTRY

Forestry is defined as the theory and practice of all that constitutes the creation, conservation and scientific management of forests and the utilization of their resources. It is an applied science which is concerned with not only the raising or cultivation of forest crops but their protection, perpetuation, mensuration, management, valuation and finance as well as utilizes of the forest products for the service of the nation

CLASSIFICATION OF FORESTRY

Based on the objectives, Protection Forestry Intensive Forestry, Multiple-Use-Forestry Commercial Forestry Recreation Forestry Social Forestry Agroforestry Farm Forestry Extension Forestry

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

PROTECTION FORESTRY

It is the practice of forestry with the primary object of

(1) protecting lands whether those upon which the forest is situated or base at a distance from it, against wind and water erosion;
(2) conserving water supplies for human consumption, fishculture, etc.

(3) reducing hazards from flood damage to human life and property
(4) amelioration of adverse climatic effects.

INTENSIVE FORESTRY,
When this science is applied to get the maximum return, it is called Intensive Forestry, It is defined as the practice of forestry with the object of obtaining the maximum in volume and quality of products per unit area through the application of the best techniques of silviculture and management.

MULTIPLE-USE-FORESTRY

When forestry is practiced to achieve more than one purpose, it is called Multiple-Use-Forestry It is defined as the practice of forestry for the simultaneous use of a forest area for two or more purposes, often in some measure conflicting, eg, the production of wood with forest grazing and/or wildlife conservation

COMMERCIAL FORESTRY

practice of forestry with the object of producing timber and other forest products as a business enterprise. A specialized aspect of commercial forestry is to meet the requirement of a particular industry and in that case it is called Industrial forestry And is defined as the practice of forestry to sustain a given industrial enterprise, such as a saw mill, pulp mill, chemical plant or a combination of these.

RECREATION FORESTRY

It is the practice of forestry with the object of raising flowering trees and shrubs mainly to serve as recreation forests for the urban and rural population. This type of forestry is also known as Aesthetic forestry which is defined as the practice of forestry with the object of developing or maintaining a forest of high scenic value.

SOCIAL FORESTRY

The term "Social Forestry" was coined by Westoby in 1968

He defined it as "forestry which aims at producing flow of protection and recreation benefits for the community". Forestry outside the conventional forests which primarily aims at providing continuous flow of goods and services for the benefit of people (Prasad 1985) . the primary objective is to serve community needs through the active involvements of the beneficiaries in the design of implementation of the afforestation efforts and the sharing of forest produce.

BENEFITS OF SOCIAL FORESTRY


Increase the supply of fuel wood and fodder Generate rural employment Maintain ecological balance Appropriate use of wastelands Promote village and cottage industries Induce environmental and tree consciousness among people Relieve pressures from natural forests Stabilize agricultural production

AGROFORESTRY

Agroforestry is a collective name for a land-use system and technology whereby woody perennials are deliberately used on the same land management unit as agricultural crops and/or animals in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence. In an agroforestry system there are both ecological and economical interactions between the various components

FARM FORESTRY

Farm forestry is the name given to programmes which promote commercial tree growing by farmers on their own land Farm forestry was defined by NCA ( 1976) as the practice of forestry in all its aspects in and the around the farms or village lands integrated with other farm operations.

EXTENSION FORESTRY

Extension forestry is the practice of forestry in areas devoid of tree growth and other vegetation situated in places away from the conventional forest areas with the object of increasing the area under tree growth . The degraded area under forests needs immediate attention for ecological restoration and for meeting the socio economic needs of the communities living in and around such areas.

BRANCHES OF FORESTRY

Silviculture Forest Protection Forest Economics Forest Mensuration Forest Utilization Forest Management

Silviculture -is that branch of forestry which deals with establishment, development, care and reproduction of stands of timber. It is the art and science of cultivating forest crops.

Forest Protection-That branch of forestry which is concerned with 'the activities directed towards the prevention and control of damage to forests by man, animals, fire, insects, disease or other injurious and destructive agencies'. Forest Economics-'Those aspects of forestry that deal with the forest as a productive asset, subject to economic laws

Forest Mensuration- "that branch of forestry which deals with 'the determination of dimensions, form, volume, age and increment of logs, single trees, stands or whole woods'. Forest Utilization- that branch of forestry concerned with the harvesting, conversion, disposal and use of the forest produce'. Forest Management is that branch of forestry whose function is the organization of a forest property of management and maintenance, by ordering in time and places the various operations necessary for the conservation, protection and improvement of the forest on the one hand, and the controlled harvesting of the forest on the other.

FOREST

DEFINITION-

"Forest is defined as an area set aside for the production of timber and other forest produce, or maintained under woody vegetation for certain indirect benefits which it provides. eg. climatic or protective".
This definition lays emphasis on the direct and indirect benefits that the forests provide The forest is a complex ecosystem consisting mainly of trees that buffer the earth and support a myriad of life forms.

ECOLOGICAL DEFINITION

"forest is defined as a plant community predominantly of trees and other woody vegetation, usually with a closed canopy".

This definition describes forest as a kind of vegetation in which trees constitute the predominant part, to distinguish it from vegetation in which grasses or shrubs may be predominant.

LEGAL TERMINOLOGY

forest is defined as an area of land proclaimed to be forest under a forest law. This definition is particularly useful in law courts, where cases pertaining to offences committed are tried.

CLASSIFICATION OF FORESTS
1.

2.
3. 4. 5. 6.

Method of regeneration Classification based on age Classification based on composition Classification based on objects of management Classification based on ownership and legal status Classification on the basis of growing stock

METHOD OF REGENERATION
1. High forest -Forests which are regenerated from seed are called high forests. It is a crops of trees, normally with a closed and high canopy and usually of seedling origin syn: seeding forest. 2. Coppice forests -Those which are regenerated by some vegetative method such as coppice shoots or roof suckers

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON AGE


1. Even-aged or regular forest- is defined as a forest composed of even-aged woods. is applied to a stand consisting of trees of approximately the same age. Differences upto 25% of the rotation age may be allowed in cases where a stand is not harvested for 100 years or more. 2. Uneven-aged or irregular forest- is defined as a forest composed of trees of markedly different ages. is applied to crops in which individual stems vary usually more than 20 years and in the case of long rotation crops, more than 25% of the rotation.

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON COMPOSITION


1. Pure forest- is defined as a forest composed of almost entirely of one species, usually to the extent of not less than 80%. 2. Mixed forest- is defined as a forest composed of trees of two or more species intermingled in the same canopy, in practice, and by convention, atleast 20% of the canopy must consist of species other than the principal one.

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON OWNERSHIP AND LEGAL STATUS

State forest is a forest owned and generally managed by a community such as a village, town, tribal authority or local government, the members of which share in the produce or proceeds.

Panchayat forest is any forest where management is rested in a village panchayat

The state forests are further classified into reserved forest, protected forest and village forest on the basis of their legal status.
A reserved forest is an area so constituted under the Indian Forest Act or other forest law.

A protected forest is an area subject to limited degree of protection under the provisions of Chapter IV of the Indian Forest Act.
A village forest is a state forest assigned to a village community under the provisions of the Indian Forest Act.

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON OBJECTS OF MANAGEMENT


Production forest is a forest managed primarily for its produce. Protection forest is defined as an area wholly or partly covered with woody growth, managed primarily to regulate, stream flow, prevent erosion, hold shifting sand or to overt any other beneficial influence. Farm forest is a forest raised on farms and its adjoining area either as individual scattered trees or a collection of trees to meet the requirement of fuel and fodders of the farmers and to have a beneficial influence on agriculture. Fuel forest is a forest raised on village waste land to supply fuel, small timber, fodder etc., to the village communities living far way from the Government forest. Recreational forest is a forest which is managed only to meet the recreational needs of the urban and rural population.

CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF GROWING STOCK


Normal forest is defined as a forest which for a given site and given objects of management, is ideally constituted as regards growing stock, age class, distribution and increment and from which the annual or periodic removal of produce equal to the increment can be continued indefinitely without endangering future yields. Such a forest by reason of its normalcy in these respects serves as a standard of comparison for sustained yield management

Abnormal forest is a forest in which, as compared to an acceptable standard, the quantity of material in the growing stock is in deficit or in excess or in which the relative proportions of the age or size classes are defective.

FORESTS TYPES OF INDIA


India has a diverse range of forests: from the evergreen forests in the south to the alpine pastures in the north, from the deserts scrub in the west to the rainforest in the north-east. Climate, soil type, topography, and elevation are the main factors that determine the type of forest. Forests are classified according to their nature and composition, the type of climate in which they thrive, and its relationship with the surrounding environment. 16 major forests types are recognised in India

MAJOR GROUPS
I. TROPICAL FOREST
1.

2.
3. 4.

5.
6. 7.

Wet evergreen forest Semi-evergreen forest Moist deciduous forest Littoral and swamp forest Dry deciduous forest Thorn forest Dry evergreen forest

II. MONTANE SUB TROPICAL FOREST


1. 2. 3.

Broad leaved Hill forest Pine forest Dry evergreen

III. MONTANE TEMPERATE FOREST


1. Montane Wet Temperate Forest

2. Himalayan Temperate Forest


3. Himalayan Dry Temperate Forest

IV. SUB-ALPINE

1.

Sub-alpine forest

V. ALPINE

1.

2.

Moist alpine scrub Dry alpine scrub

I. TROPICAL FOREST

1. TROPICAL WET EVERGREEN FORESTS found in the south along the Western Ghats and the Nicobar and Andaman Islands and all along the northeastern region. It is characterized by tall, straight evergreen trees that have a buttressed trunk or root on three sides like a tripod that helps to keep a tree upright during a storm.

The trees in this forest form a tier pattern: shrubs cover the layer closer to the ground, followed by the short structured trees and then the tall variety. Beautiful fern of various colours and different varieties of orchids grow on the trunks of the trees.

DOMINANT

SPECIES

The upper storey consists of chiefly Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bischofia javanica, Calophyllum elatum, Canarium strictum, Cullenia exarillata, Drypetes elata, Dysoxylum malabaricum, Elaeocarpus tuberculatus, Holigarna arnottiana, H. grahamii, Mesua ferrea, Palaquium ellipticum, Persea macrantha; Poeciloneuron indicum, Polyalthia coffeoides and Vateria Indica. The second storey is characterized by species such as Aglaia elaeagnoidea, Actinodaphne hookeri, Baccaurea courtallensis, Cinnamomum malabaricum, Dimocarpus longan, Elaeocarpus serratus, Garcinia morella, Gomphandra polymorpha, Litsea wightiana, Meliosma pinnata, Myristica dactyloides and Oreocnide integrifolia. They attain a height of 15 to 30 m.

The third storey which is less than 15 m in height consists of small trees like

Agrostistachys meeboldii, Euonymus angulatus, Syzygium munroii, Syzygium laetum, Memecylon sisparense, Turpinia malabarica, Xanthophyllum flavescens

2. TROPICAL SEMI-EVERGREEN FORESTS Semi-evergreen forests are found in the Western Ghats, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and the Eastern Himalayas. This forests have a mixture of the wet evergreen trees and the moist deciduous tress. The forest is dense and is filled with a large variety of trees of both types

DOMINANT SPECIES
Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bischofia javanica, Calophyllum elatum, Euvodia lunuankenda, Hopea ponga, Mangifera indica, Mesua ferrea and Myristica dactyloides. The deciduous floral elements include Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, Bombax ceiba, Chukrasia tabularis, Dalbergia latifolia, Grewia tiliaefolia, Lagerstroemia microcarpa, Pterospermum sp., Terminalia bellirica and Toona ciliata.

3. TROPICAL MOIST DECIDUOUS FORESTS

Moist deciduous forests are found throughout India except in the western and the north-western regions. The trees have broad trunks, are tall and have branching trunks and roots to hold them firmly to the ground.

Some of the taller trees shed their leaves in the dry season.
There is a layer of shorter trees and evergreen shrubs in the undergrowth. These forests are dominated by sal and teak, along with mango, bamboo, and rosewood.

DOMINANT

SPECIES

Dillenia pentagyna and Tabernaemontana heyneana are characteristic species of this type. Lagerstroemia microcarpa and Tectona grandis, together with other species such as Anogeissus latifolia, Dalbergia paniculata, Pterocarpus marsupium, Terminalia paniculata, Hymenodictyon excelsum, Haldina cordifolia are common.

4. LITTORAL AND SWAMP FORESTS Littoral and swamp forests are found along the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and the delta area of the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. It consists mainly of whistling pines, mangrove dates, palms, and bulletwood. They have roots that consist of soft tissue so that the plant can breathe in the water.

DOMINANT

SPECIES

Acanthus cillicifolius, Acrostichum aurem, Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia officinalis, A, marina, Azima tetracantha, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, B. cylindrica, B sexangula, Excoecaria agallocha, E indica, Kandelia candel, Rhizophora apiculate, R mucronata, Sonneratia caseolaris, Calophyllum etc

5. TROPICAL DRY DECIDUOUS FORESTDry deciduous forests are found throughout the northern part of the country except in the North-East. The canopy of the trees does not normally exceed 25 metres. The common trees are the sal, a variety of acacia, and bamboo.

DOMINANT

SPECIES

Albizia amara Acacia spp. Gyrocarpus asiaticus type This type is found only in Chinnar Wild life Sanctuary, up to 650 m. On the lower slopes, Acacia chundra and A.leucophloea are characteristic species, particularly in the scrub woodland and thickets.

Albizia amara, Erythroxylum monogynum, Dichrostachys cinerea, Chloroxylon swietenia, Hardwickia binata, Cochlospermum religiosum, Givotia rottleriformis, Sterculia urens and Commiphora caudata are the other common species of this type.

6. TROPICAL THORN FORESTThis type is found in areas with black soil: North, West, Central, and South India. The trees do not grow beyond 10 metres. Spurge, caper, and cactus are typical of this region.

DOMINANT

SPECIES

TROPICAL DRY EVERGREEN

Dry evergreens are found along the Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka coast. It has mainly hard-leaved evergreen trees with fragrant flowers, along with a few deciduous trees.

DOMINANT

SPECIES

Manilkara hexandra Zizyphus glaberrina Canthium dicoccum Albizia amara Acacia leucophloea Chlorozylon Tamarindus indicus.

II. MONTANE SUB TROPICAL FOREST

8. SUB TROPICAL BROAD-LEAVED HILL FOREST Broad-leaved forests are found in the Eastern Himalayas and the Western Ghats, along the Silent Valley. There is a marked difference in the form of the vegetation in the two areas. In the Silent Valley, the poonspar, cinnamon, rhododendron, and fragrant grass are predominant. In the Eastern Himalayas, the wet forests consist mainly of evergreen trees with a sprinkling of deciduous here and there. There are oak, alder, chestnut, birch, and cherry trees. There are a large variety of orchids, bamboo and creepers.

DOMINANT

SPECIES

The upper story of the forests is characterized by Pygeum gardneri, Schefflera racemosa, Linnociera ramiflora, Syzigium spp., Rhododenron nilgiricum, Mahonia nepalensis, Eleocarpus recurvatus, Ilex denticulata, Michaelia nilagirica, Actinodaphne bourdellonii, and Litsea wightiana second story of Ilex wightiana, Rapanaea wightiana, Ternstroemia gymnanthera, Symplocos spp., and Microtropis spp. and a dense shrub layer of saplings of Strobilanthes, Psychotria, and Lasianthus spp. usually is present

9. SUB TROPICAL PINE FOREST

Pine forests are found in the steep dry slopes of the Shivalik Hills, Western and Central Himalayas, Khasi, Naga, and Manipur Hills. The trees predominantly found in these areas are the chir, oak, rhododendron, and pine. In the lower regions sal, sandan, amla, and laburnum are found.

DOMINANT

SPECIES

Pinus rouxgurghii Pinus insularis Salix tetrasperma Pyrus pashia Quercus serrata

10. SUB TROPICAL DRY EVERGREEN FOREST

Dry evergreen forests normally have a prolonged hot and dry season and a cold winter. It generally has evergreen trees with shining leaves that have a varnished look. Some of the more common ones are the pomegranate, olive, and oleander. These forests are found in the Shivalik Hills and foothills of the Himalayas up to a height of 1000 metres.

DOMINANT

SPECIES

Olea cuspida Acacia modesta

III. MONTANE TEMPERATE FOREST

11. Montane Wet Temperate Forest


In the North, it is found in the region to the east of Nepal into Arunachal Pradesh, at a height of 18003000 metres, receiving a minimum rainfall of 2000 mm. In the South, it is found in parts of the Niligiri Hills, the higher reaches of Kerala. The forests in the northern region are denser than in the South. Rhododendrons and a variety of ground flora can be found here. In the North, there are three layers of forests: the higher layer has mainly coniferous, the middle layer has deciduous trees such as the oak and the lowest layer is covered by rhododendron and champa.

12. Himalayan Temperate Forest


This type spreads from the Western Himalayas to the Eastern Himalayas. The trees found in the western section are broad-leaved oak, brown oak, walnut, rhododendron, etc. In the Eastern Himalayas, the rainfall is much heavier and therefore the vegetation is also more lush and dense. There are a large variety of broad-leaved trees, ferns, and bamboo. Coniferous trees are also found here, some of the varieties being different from the ones found in the South

13. Himalayan Dry Temperate Forest

This type is found mainly in Lahul, Kinnaur, Sikkim, and other parts of the Himalayas. There are predominantly coniferous trees that are not too tall, along with broad-leaved trees such as the oak, maple, and ash. At higher elevation, fir, juniper, deodar, and chilgoza can be found

IV. SUB-ALPINE

14. SUB-ALPINE FOREST

Sub alpine forests extend from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh between 2900 to 3500 metres. In the Western Himalayas, the vegetation consists mainly of juniper, rhododendron, willow, and black currant. In the eastern parts, red fir, black juniper, birch, and larch are the common trees. Due to heavy rainfall and high humidity the timberline in this part is higher than that in the West. Rhododendron of many species covers the hills in these parts.

V. ALPINE

15. MOIST ALPINE SCRUB

-Moist alpines are found all along the Himalayas and on the higher hills near the Myanmar border. It has a low scrub, dense evergreen forest, consisting mainly of rhododendron and birch. Mosses and ferns cover the ground in patches.

This region receives heavy snowfall

16. DRY ALPINE SCRUB

Dry alpines are found from about 3000 metres to about 4900 metres. Dwarf plants predominate, mainly the black juniper, the drooping juniper, honeysuckle, and willow

COUNTRY'S FORESTS

The overall forest area as per the latest estimate stands at 63.07 m ha or 19.26% of the country's geographical area (328 m ha).

Forest Cover Geographic Area 3,287,263 Km2

Tree Cover Culturable NonForest Area (CNFA) 2,188,668 Km2

Forest & Tree Cover Total Forest & Tree Cover 778,229 Km2

Very Dense forest

51,285 Km2

Number of trees per ha of CNFA

12.3

Of Country's Geographic Area 23.68 %

Moderately Dense Forest

339,279 Km2 Tree Cover

99,896 Km2

Per capita Forest 0.08 ha & Tree Cover

Open Forest

Country's 287,769 Km2 Of Geographic Area

3.04 %

Total Of Country's Geographic Area

678,333 Km2 Of CNFA

4.56 %

20.64 %

MEASUREMENT OF VOLUME OF TREES

VOLUME OF STANDING TREES


The processes of management and sales frequently require estimation of volume of trees without felling them. It is therefore necessary to know the methods by which volume of standing trees can be estimated

CALCULATION OF VOLUME OF LOGS

CALCULATION OF VOLUME BY QUARTER


GIRTH FORMULA

where g is the girth of the log at the middle and l is the length of the log It is also known as Hoppus. rule

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