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Physical Properties of Solutions

Chapter 13

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Chapter 13: Physical Properties of Solutions


1. Types of Solutions 2. Colligative Properties
a) Vapor Pressure Lowering
Mole fraction, Xa molality, m molality, m Molarity, M

b) Boiling Point Elevation c) Freezing Point Depression

d) Osmostic Pressure

Chapter 13: Physical Properties of Solutions


3. Factors in Forming a Solution
1. Dissolution Process 2. Temperature & Solubility
Solids Gases

3. Pressure and Gas Solubility

4. Colloids

A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances The solute is(are) the substance(s) present in the smaller amount(s) The solvent is the substance present in the larger amount

12.1

A saturated solution contains the maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given solvent at a specific temperature. An unsaturated solution contains less solute than the solvent has the capacity to dissolve at a specific temperature. A supersaturated solution contains more solute than is present in a saturated solution at a specific temperature.
Sodium acetate crystals rapidly form when a seed crystal is added to a supersaturated solution of sodium acetate.

12.1

Colligative Properties of Solutions


Colligative properties are properties that depend only on the number of solute particles in solution and not on the nature of the solute particles. Vapor Pressure Lowering Boiling Point Elevation Freezing Point Depression Osmotic Pressure

Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions


Vapor-Pressure Lowering; The vapor pressure of a Solution is lower than pure solute.

P1 = X1 P

0 1

0 = vapor pressure of pure solvent P1

Raoults law

X1 = mole fraction of the solvent

Mole Fraction (X1)


moles of 1 X1 = sum of moles of all components
12.6

If the solution contains only one solute:


X1 + X2 =1

X1 = 1 X2
X2 = mole fraction of the solute
X1 = mole fraction of the solvent
0 P1 = X1 P 1

P1 = (1-X2) P 1 0 P1 = P01-P01X2
0 0 - P1 = DP = X2 P 1 P1

12.6

Lowering the Pressure Above the Solution (by opening bottle) Decreases Gas Solubility

Boiling-Point Elevation of Nonelectrolyte Solutions


0 DTb = Tb T b
0 Tb is the boiling point of the pure solvent T b is the boiling point of the solution

0 Tb > T b

DTb > 0

DTb = Kb m
m is the molality of the solution Kb is the molal boiling-point elevation constant (0C/m)
12.6

Concentration Units
Molarity (M) moles of solute liters of solution

M =

Molality (m)
m = moles of solute

mass of solvent (kg)

12.3

What is the molality of a 5.86 M ethanol (C2H5OH) solution whose density is 0.927 g/mL?
moles of solute moles of solute M =

m = mass of solvent (kg)

liters of solution

Assume 1 L of solution: 5.86 moles ethanol = 270 g ethanol 927 g of solution (1000 mL x 0.927 g/mL) mass of solvent = mass of solution mass of solute = 927 g 270 g = 657 g = 0.657 kg

moles of solute
m = mass of solvent (kg)

5.86 moles C2H5OH

= 8.92 m

0.657 kg solvent
12.3

12.6

Freezing-Point Depression of Nonelectrolyte Solutions DTf = T 0 f Tf


T
0
f

Tf

is the freezing point of the pure solvent is the freezing point of the solution

T0 f > Tf

DTf > 0
DTf = Kf m

m is the molality of the solution Kf is the molal freezing-point depression constant (0C/m)
12.6

De-icing of Airplanes is Based on Freezing-Point Depression

What is the freezing point of a solution containing 478 g of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) in 3202 g of water? The molar mass of ethylene glycol is 62.01 g.

DTf = Kf m
moles of solute

Kf water = 1.86 0C/m


478 g x = 3.202 kg solvent 1 mol 62.01 g = 2.41 m

m = mass of solvent (kg)

DTf = Kf m = 1.86 0C/m x 2.41 m = 4.48 0C

DTf = T 0 f Tf
0C 4.48 0C = -4.48 0C = 0.00 Tf = T 0 D T f f

12.6

Osmotic Pressure (p) of Nonelectrolyte Solutions


Osmosis is the selective passage of solvent molecules through a porous membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one. A semipermeable membrane allows the passage of solvent molecules but blocks the passage of solute molecules. Osmotic pressure (p) is the pressure required to stop osmosis.

dilute

more concentrated 12.6

A cell in an:

isotonic solution

hypotonic solution

hypertonic solution
12.6

Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions


Colligative properties are properties that depend only on the number of solute particles in solution and not on the nature of the solute particles.

Vapor-Pressure Lowering Boiling-Point Elevation Freezing-Point Depression Osmotic Pressure (p)

0 P1 = X1 P 1

DTb = Kb m DTf = Kf m

p = MRT

12.6

Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions


0.1 m NaCl solution

0.1 m Na+ ions & 0.1 m Cl- ions

Colligative properties are properties that depend only on the number of solute particles in solution and not on the nature of the solute particles. 0.1 m NaCl solution vant Hoff factor (i) = 0.2 m ions in solution
actual number of particles in soln after dissociation

number of formula units initially dissolved in soln

i should be nonelectrolytes NaCl CaCl2


1 2 3

12.6

Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions


Boiling-Point Elevation Freezing-Point Depression Osmotic Pressure (p) DTb = i Kb m DTf = i Kf m

p = iMRT

12.7

Factors in Forming a Solution


1.Dissolution Process 2.Temperature & Solubility
Solids Gases

3. Pressure and Gas Solubility

Three types of interactions in the solution process: solvent-solvent interaction solute-solute interaction solvent-solute interaction

DHsoln = DH1 + DH2 + DH3

12.2

like dissolves like


Two substances with similar intermolecular forces are likely to be soluble in each other. non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar solvents CCl4 in C6H6 polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents C2H5OH in H2O ionic compounds are more soluble in polar solvents NaCl in H2O or NH3 (l)
12.2

Temperature and Solubility


Solid solubility and temperature

solubility increases with increasing temperature


solubility decreases with increasing temperature

12.4

Temperature and Solubility


Gas solubility and temperature

solubility usually decreases with increasing temperature

12.4

Pressure and Solubility of Gases


The solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution (Henrys law).
c is the concentration (M) of the dissolved gas

c = kP

P is the pressure of the gas over the solution


k is a constant (mol/Latm) that depends only on temperature

low P low c

high P high c

12.5

A colloid is a dispersion of particles of one substance throughout a dispersing medium of another substance. Colloid versus solution

collodial particles are much larger than solute molecules


collodial suspension is not as homogeneous as a solution

12.8

The Cleansing Action of Soap

12.8

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