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Issues
1. Introduction to Grammar 2. Morphemes and Words 3. Ways of word formation
4. Parts of speech
5. Parts of a sentence
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Grammar
Introduction to Grammar
In global sense
In narrow sense
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Grammar
Introduction to Grammar
In global sense
equals competence, a body of knowledge that a
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Grammar
Introduction to Grammar
refers only to the information of the word and sentence structures. In consists of morphology , the study of words and word global sense
In narrow sense
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discourse
sentence phrase
word
morpheme
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discourse
sentence
I actually felt tired of sitting doing nothing. And I hated enjoying the unemployment benefit. I found myself useless. Then I decided to look or a job.
phrase
word
use, -less,
morpheme
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LEXICAL ITEM
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LEXICAL ITEM & MEANING Lexical item and meaning has arbitrary relationship.
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MORPHEME
Morpheme - Word
= A minimal meaningful unit E.g.: re/try boy/s
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WORD
Morpheme - Word
= An independent meaningful unit. E.g.: try boy turn return
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Occurrence Types Grammatical
Types of morphemes
Free (words) Function words: prepositions, pronouns, conjunctions.... Content words: Nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives Bound (affixes) inflectional (suffixes)
Lexical
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Inflectional morphemes
Derivational morphemes
modify the meaning of an item but not change its parts of speech.
can change meaning of the stem and typically, they change the part of speech.
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Inflectional morphemes are changes in words to express their semantic and syntactic relationships to other words in the sentence. E.g.: s in Bush says indicates the present tense and the subject is third person and singular.
E.g.: the morpheme ful in beautiful has no connection with other morphemes beyond the word.
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Inflectional morphemes are regularly distributed. They occur with all or most members of a word class. E.g.: s (3rd person singular present) occurs with most verbs.
E.g.: not all verbs take the derivational suffix al as refuse, propose.
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E.g.: the plural morpheme s occurs at the end of a word, after all other morphemes.
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Inflectional morphemes -s: 3rd person sig present -ed: past tense -ing: present participle -en: past participle -s: Plural -s: possessive -er:comparative -est: superlative
Derivational morphemes There are a large number of derivational morphemes, which can be prefixes or suffixes.
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a change of word-classes without affix. E.g.: Import (n), (v) Abstract (n), (adj)
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word formation from two or more bases. E.g. Greenhouse effect Desktop computer
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shortening a word E.g.: Phone from telephone Graph from photograph Flu from influenza
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word formation from two or more either identical or slightly different elements. E.g.: Goody-goody Tick-tock Seesaw Wishy-washy Tip-top
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Blending:
word formation from two separate forms. E.g.: Motel from motor and hotel Smog from smoke and fog.
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word formation from initial letters of a series of words. E.g.: TV from television FAQ from frequently asked question.
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Others
E.g.: robot
E.g.: opt (option)
E.g.: aspirin
E.g.: aspirin
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Closed system
Parts of speech
Parts of speech Open class
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Closed system
Parts of speech
Parts of speech Open class comprises functional words such as
articles, demonstratives, pronouns
prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections
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Closed system
Features:
Parts of speech
Parts of speech Open class
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Closed system comprises notional/ lexical words
such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and
adverbs
Parts of speech
Parts of speech Open class
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Features: Closed system
Parts of speech
Parts of speech Open class
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Subject
Parts of a sentence
Parts of a sentence
Predicate Operator
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Subject
Parts of a sentence
Parts of a sentence
What is being discussed theme. everyday.
Predicate
Operator
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Subject
Parts of a sentence
Parts of speech
Predicate Operator
What is being said about the subject rheme. E.g.: Her parents visit her sick uncle everyday.
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Parts of a sentence
Parts of speech
What helps to change a sentence into: Predicate Subject - interrogative E.g.: Do her parents visit her everyday? - negative E.g.: Her parents do not visit her everyday. - emphatic E.g.: Her parents do visit her everyday.
Operator
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Subject
Parts of a sentence
Parts of speech
Predicate
Lexical verbs
Operator
include BE & HAVE E.g.: I am a student and I have a part time job. include BE & HAVE E.g.: I am cooking. include will, shall, should, can, might, etc. E.g.: I can cook. Primary
Auxiliaries Modal
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Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement Adverbial
Parts of a sentence
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Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement Adverbial
Parts of a sentence
+ Cs (1)
Intensive
+ A (obli) (2)
Extensive
mono-transitive (4)
di-transitive (5)
complex-transitive (6,7)
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Sentence elements Subject Verb
Parts of a sentence
He is lovely. He is out of the office. He is crying. He broke the vase. SVCs (1) intensive SVA (obli) (2) SV (3) SVO (4) SVOO (5) SVOCo (6) SVOA (obli) (7) intransitive transitive extensive
He sent me an e-mail. He found the play boring. He put the vase on the table.
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Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement Adverbial
Parts of a sentence
Stative
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Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement Adverbial
Parts of a sentence
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Sentence elements Subject Verb Object Complement
Parts of a sentence
Adverbial
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Sentence elements Subject Verb
Parts of a sentence
Object Complement
optional
Adverbial
obligatory
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Clause
Sentence
E.g.: All these books are mine. E.g.: John has been looking for Jane. E.g.: Tom is a very interesting man. E.g.: He ran quite fast. E.g.: Hes lecturing on the new technology.
Verb phrase
Adjective phrase Adverb phrase Prepositional phrase
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Sentence
In terms of kinds of verb phrases
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Sentence
In terms of kinds of verb phrases
SVOO: He gives his patients the same SVOA: He put the prescription in a secret file. SVOCo: He calls his patients big fish. SV: Hes going out
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Sentence
In terms of kinds of verb phrases
Finite clause E.g.: He took her out of the blue. Non-finite clause E.g.: Coming to the town, he visited his parents. Verbless clause E.g.: If possible, come to see us.
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Sentence
In terms of kinds of verb phrases
E.g.: She said that you hit her first. subordinate superordinate
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E.g.: All these books are mine. E.g.: He was watching T.V and she was cooking. E.g.: He didnt want to talk to whoever he met in the London workshop. E.g.: Having seldom talked anyone before, the child simply wide opened his beautiful eyes and looked at the stranger.
Compound
Complex Complex compound