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SWBAT
state what radioactivity is, where these rays come from, what each ray is made of and state why they are dangerous. to explain the meaning of half-life.
SWABT
Roentgen:
Discoverer of X-rays 1895
The Curies:
Discoverers of Radium and Polonium 19001908
Science Park HS -- Honors Chemistry
Becquerel:
Discoverer of Radioactivity 1896
unstable atomic nucleus emits a form of radiation (alpha, beta, or gamma) to become stable. ~A radioactive nucleus actually decays into a different atom. (= different # of protons ).
An unstable nucleus releases energy (emitting particles & Electromagnetic waves) to become more stable (and
becomes a new type of atom)
What makes a nucleus unstable? A nucleus is unstable because of the ratio of protons to neutron in the nucleus of an atom. (Ratio outside of the Stability belt)
Science Park HS -- Honors Chemistry
Neutrons Protons
6 Neutrons 6 Protons
Kinds of Radioactivity
241Am
95
237Np
93
4He + 2
3H
3He + 0 2 -1
Gamma
decay is the spontaneous release of energy in the form of radioactive particles or waves. It results in a decrease of the original amount radioactive material over time -(the unstable nuclei become stable by releasing the particles & waves)
radioactive isotope consists of a vast number of radioactive nuclei. Nuclei does not decay all at once. Decay over a period of time. We can not predict when it will decay, its a random process but...
N = - N POF!!! t
Nt = the number of nuclei present at a give time (t) N0 = the number of nuclei present at time (t = 0) e = is the natural expoentional (logarithms) t = time (years, days, hours, or seconds) = half life (a RATE of decay = amount/time)
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Half-Life (): The amount of time required for one-half or 50% of the radioactive atoms to undergo a radioactive decay. Every radioactive element (isotope/nuclide) has a specific half-life associated with it. Is a measure of how stable the nuclei is.
Half-Life ranges from fractions of a second to billions of years. No operation or process of any kind (i.e., chemical or physical) has ever been shown to change the rate at which a radionuclide decays.
238U
= 4,510,000,000 Years
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Radioactivity
An
unstable atomic nucleus emits a form of radiation (alpha, beta, or gamma) to become stable. In other words, the nucleus decays into a different atom.
22
Half-Life
Amount
23
Half-Life Calculation
400 200 5 min 100 5 min 50 5 min 25 5 min 12.5 5 min 6.25 5 min 3.125 5 min 1.5625 5 min .78125 5 min
You
have 400 mg of a radioisotope with a half-life of 5 minutes. How much will be left after 30 minutes?
24
Fe59
Sr87 Tc99 Na24
45.1 days
2.8 hours 6.0 hours 14.8 hours
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Sources of Radioactivity
Primordial - from before the creation of the Earth (older than the earth) Cosmogenic - formed as a result of cosmic ray interactions (from space) Human produced - enhanced or formed due to human actions (minor amounts compared to natural)
Naturally Occurring Sources: Radon from the decay of Uranium and Thorium Potassium -40 found in minerals and in plants Carbon 14 Found in Plants and Animal tissue Manmade Sources: Medical use of Radioactive Isotopes Certain Consumer products (eg Smoke detectors) Fallout from nuclear testing Emissions from Nuclear Power plants
Summary/Questions
Why does a nucleus decay? Order these emissions from least to greatest penetrability: Gamma, Alpha, Beta. What is the greatest source of exposure to radioactivity in our everyday lives? If I tell you that that the half-life of Fellmanium-250 is 10 days, how much would be left after 30 days if I started with 1600 atoms?
THE SUN
Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear
fusion is the process by which multiple nuclei join together to form a heavier nucleus. It is accompanied by the release or absorption of energy depending on the masses of the nuclei involved..
FUSION DEUTERIUM
NEUTRON
HELIUM TRITIUM
http://fusioned.gat.com
1H
2He
1H
2He
6C
2He
6C
4Be
2He 2He
How long ago did fusion generate the energy we now receive as sunlight?
Fusion created the energy we receive today about a million years ago. This is the time it takes for photons and then convection to transport energy through the solar interior to the photosphere. Once sunlight emerges from the photosphere, it takes only about 8 minutes to reach Earth.
=(0.007kg) = 630,000,000,000,000 J
8 2 (3.0x10 m/s)
NUCLEAR FISSION
Nuclear Fission - a reaction in which an atomic nucleus of a radioactive element splits by bombardment from an external source, with simultaneous release of large amounts of energy. (used for electric power generation & nuclear weapons)
Nuclear Fission
Neutron induced in U235
Fission is Exothermic The sum of the masses of the resulting nuclei is less than the original mass (about 0.1% less) The missing mass is converted to energy according to E=mc2
Neutrons may:
Creates two smaller nuclides and free neutrons The free neutrons potentially collide with nearby U235 nuclei May cause the nuclide to split as well
Source: EIA
(2004)
Review Nuclear fission: - A large nucleus splits into several small nuclei when impacted by a neutron, and energy is released in this process Nuclear fusion: Several small nuclei fuse together and release energy.
fusion
fission
Differences
Similarities
Differences
THE END!!!
Resources: http://cathylaw.com/images/halflifebar.jpg http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/Academics/Astr221/HW/H W3/noft.gif http://www.chem.ox.ac.uk/vrchemistry/Conservation/pa ge35.htm www.gcse.com/ radio/halflife3.htm www.nucmed.buffalo.edu/.../ sld003.htm http://www.iem-inc.com/prhlfr.html http://www.math.duke.edu/education/ccp/materials/diff calc/raddec/raddec1.html http://www.mrgale.com/onlhlp/nucpart/halflife.htm