EJ 301: BASIC CONTROL SYSTEM

CHAPTER 4: CONTROLLER PRINCIPLE

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CONTROLLER

 Function of Controller
To stabilize the system where the system will hold the set point and not swinging around.

 Properties of Controller
TERM
ERROR VARIABLE RANGE CONTROLLER OUTPUT RANGE CONTROL LAG DEAD ZONE

DEFINITION
- Difference between a set point and the process value. - Range of values within which the control is required to be maintained. -Range of the output from the controller. -The controller output expressed as percentage. -The time for the process-control loop to make necessary adjustment to the final control element -The amount of time it takes for the process variable to start changing after changing output as a control valve, variable frequency drive etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF CONTROLLER

 General Classification of Controller

Figure 4.1: Flow chart of classification of controller

 Discontinuous Controller Mode

Definition. Discontinuous control system are nonlinear system. The input and output properties are based on the approximate describing function method.

Two-position mode
compares the value of an analog or variable input with instructions and generates a digital output. Also known as ON-OFF Controller.

The output changes its values as the input crosses these limit values. Applications:- temperature control, relative humidity, liquid level.

Figure 4.2: Example of Two-position mode

Multi-position controller. Manage multiple loads. Controller works as the selector. Applications: Fans, dampers, heater.

Figure 4.3: Example of Multiple-position mode

 Continuous Controller Mode

Definition. The system which are not sufficient to use discontinuous control mode. Classified as proportional controllers, integral controllers and derivative controllers. Example: controlling steam flow system.

Types of Continuous control

TYPES ITEMS PROPORTIONAL CONTROL MODE INTEGRAL CONTROL DERIVATIVE MODE CONTROL MODE

CONTINUOUS CONTROLLER MODES

COMPOSITE CONTROL MODES

 PROPORTIONAL + INTEGRAL MODE (PI CONTROL

MODE) DEFINITION The system that involves the measurement of the offset or error over time. This error is integrated and a adjustment is made to the output signal from the proportional part of this model.

 PROPORTIONAL + DERIVATIVE MODE (PD CONTROL

MODE)

 PROPORTIONAL + INTEGRAL + DERIVATIVE MODE

(PID CONTROL MODE)

Definition
A proportionalintegralderivative controller (PID controller) is a generic control loop feedback mechanism (controller) widely used in industrial control systems. A PID controller calculates an "error" value as the difference between a measured process variable and a desired set point. The controller attempts to minimize the error by adjusting the process control inputs.

ADVANCE CONTROL TECHNIQUES

 CASCADE CONTROL
Definition Uses the output of the primary controller to manipulate the set point of the secondary controller. Characteristics

 FEED FORWARD CONTROL

Definition. Feed-forward is a term describing a kind of system which reacts to changes in its environment, usually to maintain some desired state of the system.

 RATIO CONTROL
Definition. Ratio control is used to ensure that two or more flows are kept at the same ratio even if the flows are changing.

 ADAPTIVE CONTROL
Definition. Adaptive Control is the control method used by a controller which must adapt to a controlled system with parameters which vary, or are initially uncertain. For example, as an aircraft flies, its mass will slowly decrease as a result of fuel consumption; a control law is needed that adapts itself to such changing conditions.