Schedule

Ref. Date Topic

A07 A08 A09 A10 A11 A12

27 Oct 2005 3 Nov 2005 10 Nov 2005 17 Nov 2005 24 Nov 2005 1 Dec 2005

Introduction and Load Assessment Standards and Basic Equipment Power Distribution & Final Circuit Protection & Earthing Cable & Wiring Standby Generator and Power Supplies

Introduction

Load Estimation

Basic Equipment

Terminology

Codes and Standards

Standby Generator and Power Supplies

Power Distribution & Final Circuit Protection & Cable Wiring

Earthing

Design of Electricity Distribution

Earthing and Design of Electricity Distribution

Date : 24 November 2005 Module Code : A11 Ir. KF Cheung

Earthed Equipotential Bonding and Automatic Disconnection

C) Determination of Disconnection Time 1) Maximum values of earth loop impedance for various overcurrent protective devices are shown in table 41B1, Table 41B2 & Table 41D 2) Actual earth loop impedance can be calculated as follows: Zs = Ze + Z1 + Z2 Ze : Earth loop impedance at the source Z1 : Impedance of phase conductor Z2 : Impedance of circuit protective conductor (cpc)

Earthed Equipotential Bonding and Automatic Disconnection

C) Determination of Disconnection Time 3) Compare the actual Zs with the tabulated Zs(max):
The actual Zs value measured from the installation should be smaller than the Zs(max) value from IEE Tables in order to achieve safe disconnection time. Attention is drawn on that the Zs (max) form IEE Tables shall be converted to nominal supply voltage system in Hong Kong before comparison. Zs (max :220) = Zs (max : 240) in IEE Tables X 220/240

Earthed Equipotential Bonding and Automatic Disconnection

C) Determination of Disconnection Time 4) The earth fault current can be calculated using the following formula: If = Uo /Zs Uo = Phase to earth voltage If = earth fault current 5) By putting the calculated fault current against the characteristic curves of the protective device given in IEE, the actual disconnection time can be found.

Example

A 220V circuit is protected by a 30A Type 2 MCB, the cable used is 2.5/1.5 twin with cpc PVC copper conductor, if the circuit length is 15m and Ze up to the MCB board is 0.5, what is the actual disconnection time? From table 17, R1+R2 /m = 19.51m x 1.38 = 0.269 /m

Time (s)

Current (A)

A) Cable Selection

Factors to be considered in sizing of cable conductors

Conductor material Insulating material Method of installation Installed environment

Ambient temperature Thermal insulating enclosure Adjacent cables

Type of protective device Voltage drop Minimum cross-sectional area

Comparison between Copper Conductor and Aluminum Conductor

A) Copper Conductor

High degree of electrical conductivity Tough, slow to tarnish Can be jointed without any special provision to prevent electrolytic action Lower price & light in weight Pliable, it can be used in solid-core cables Excellent resistance to corrosion

B) Aluminum Conductor

Insulating Materials

Bends of Non-flexible Cable

The minimum internal radius bend in cables for fixing wiring are shown in the following table

Correction Factor for Conductors

Factors which affect the ability of a cable to lose heat are:

Grouping (Cg or C1) Ambient temperature (Ca or C2) Thermal insulation (Ci or C3) Semi-enclosed fuse to BS 3036 (0.725 or C4) Type of installation (Table 4A)

Correction Factor for Conductors

A) Grouping factor (Cg) - 1

IEE Table 4B1 gives correction factors to be applied to te tabulated current-carrying capacities where cables or circuits are grouped.

Where the horizontal clearance s between adjacent cables exceed two cable diameter (2D2), no correction factor need be applied.

Correction Factor for Conductors

A) Grouping factor (Cg) - 2

If a cable is expected to carry not more than 30% of its grouped rating, it may be ignored from the rest of the group.

Correction Factor for Conductors

B) Correction Factor for Ambient Temperature (Ca)

Correction factor for ambient temperature is shown in IEE Table 4C1. Where for semi-enclosed fuses are being used, see IEE Table 4C2. It In / Ca

Typical data are shown in the following table for quick reference.

Correction Factor for Conductors

C) Correction Factor for thermal Insulation (Ci)

The value of current-carrying-capacity for various sizes of conductors shown in Tables of Appendix 4 have been taken into account of cables installed in a thermally insulated wall or ceiling where one side of the cable is in contact with a thermally conductive surface. Where the cable is totally enclosed in thermal insulation, Ci=0.5 shall be used in absence of more precise information. It In / Ci

Ci shall only be applied to the open and clipped direct column of respective IEE Tables.

Correction Factor for Conductors

D) factor for Semi-enlosed fuse to BS3036 (C4)

When semi-enclosed fuse is used for protecting the conductor, a derating factor of 0.726 shall be applied.

Correction Factor for Conductors

E) General Formula for Correction Factors Applied to Cable Sizing It In / Cg x Ca x Ci x C4

Example

Example

Protective device : BS 3036 fuses Ambient temperature: 30oC Cable use :PVC twin with cpc cable Cabling conditions at:

1) Bunched and clipped direct 2) Passed through totally enclosed thermal insulation area 3) One side in contact with thermally insulated ceiling 4) Passed through a boiler house where ambient temperature of 45oC 5) Clipped direct

Ignore voltage drop What cable sizes are required?

Voltage Drop

The overall voltage drop shall not exceed the value appropriate to the safe functioning of the equipment in normal service. The voltage drop in any circuit from the origin of installation to the current-using equipment should not exceed 4% of the nominal voltage. Volt drop pre unit value in from of mv/A/m are shown on IEE tables of Appendix 4. The values are based on the circuit conductor working at the maximum permitted operating temperature and at unity power factor.

Voltage Drop

Voltage Drop

Voltage Drop

Voltage Drop

Voltage drop (V.D.) can be calculated as follows: V.D. = design current (Ib) x circuit length (L) x volt drop per unit (mv/A/m)

Example

A PVC/SWA/PVC armoured cable is to be installed from an HRC 100A fuse in a distribution board to a 3-phase 380V motor, along with 5 other cables fixed to a perforated metal cable tray where the cable sheaths will be touching, if the cable length is 100 meters and the power factor of the load is 0.866, what size of cable would be required to satisfy voltage drop if the ambient temperature is 30oC and the voltage drop in the 3 phase feeder cable up to the distribution board is 7.7V and the total voltage drop allowed is 4%?

Sizing Circuit Protective Conductors

If the conductor 35mm2 : Zs = Ze + R1 + R2 >35mm2 : Zs = Ze + Z1 + Z2 Use the formula : S {(I2t)} / K

Value of K : from IEE Tables 54B to 54F If = Uo / Zs Value of t from IEE Fig. 1 to 8 of Appendix 3

Use Table 54G to size the minimum size of protective conductors.

Thermal Constraint

To protect conductor insulation against thermal damage during short circuit conditions. I2 t = K2 S2 t = K2 S2/ I2 t = duration in second S = cross-sectional area in mm2 I = effective short-circuit current in A K = 115 for copper conductor insulated with PVC

Thermal Constraint

Procedure To check the prospective short-circuit current at the farthest point of the circuit from the point where the device is installed To check the operation time of the device according to the short-circuit current from the time/ current characteristic of the device To check the adiabatic line of the conductor by superimposing onto the characteristics of protective devices.

Cable Selection Procedure

Select wiring system to be installed and type of cable Calculate the equipment current demand using Table 4A (15 Edition) Calculate the circuit design current (Ib) and using diversity allowance. Determine the overcueent protective device (In) : type; rating Check Ib In Determine correction factors for installation

Grouping (Cg) Ambient temperature (Ca) Thermal insulation (Ci) Semi-enclosed fuse (C4)

Cable Selection Procedure

Calculate the tabulated current carrying capacity of conductor: It (min) In x (1/ Cg) x (1/ Ca) x (1/ Ci) x (1/ C4) Select cable size from Appendix 4 Check Ib In Iz Calculate volt drop at the farthest point of circuit

Cable Selection Procedure

Dose device offer shock protection in accordance with table 41B1, 41B2 & 41D for Zs (max)? Check Zs Zs (max) from the tables If No :

Re-select device or re-select phase conductor size Re-select cpc size Use alternative method as stated in Reg. 413-02-12

Checked by calculation

Obtain Ze form supply authority Calculate R1 + R2 using Table 17A & B Determine actual Zs = Ze + (R1 + R2)

Cable Selection Procedure

Dose the type and size of cpc offer protection? Check : S {(I2t)} / K If No : re-select type and/ or size of cpc Check the adiabatic line of conductor against the characteristic of overcurrent protective device.

B) Conduit & Trunking

B1) B2) B3) B4) B5) B6) Type of Conduit Sizing of Conduit Type of Trunking Sizing of Trunking Ducting Segregation of Circuit

B1) Type of Conduit

Steel Conduit to BS 4568 : Part 1 A) Light duty type: plain and conduits

Limited to use in dry situation; Unsuitable for bending Low degree of mechanical protection Back enamel for internal use in dry situation; Hot-dip galvanized for external use in situation subject to dampness or water condensation; Good mechanical strength and electrical continuity.

B) Heavy duty type: screwed-end conduits

B1) Type of Conduit

Steel Conduit to BS 4568 : Part 1 C) Classification for protection:

Protection Applied
Medium protection both inside & outside Medium heavy protection : inside as Class 2; Outside as Class 4 Heavy protection both inside & outside

Class
1 2 3

Example
Stoved enamel; Air-drying paint Stoved enamel inside; Sherardized outside Hot-dip zinc coating, sherardizing

Light protection both inside & outside Priming paint

B1) Type of Conduit

Steel Conduit to BS 4568 : Part 1 D) Heavy duty hot-dip galvanized steel conduit system is the most common use system for surface conduit wiring and concealed conduit wiring. Conduit is supplied in standard lengths of 4 meters and is manufactured in accordance with BS4568.

B1) Type of Conduit

Plastic conduits To BS4607 Part 1 and 2; Characteristics : light, easily bend, less installation time, no water condensation, lower cost; Heavy duty PVC conduits can be concealed but CPC are required.

B1) Type of Conduit

Copper Conduits High resistance to corrosion; Last for long time; Higher cost; Act as excellent circuit protective conductor (CPC)

B1) Type of Conduit

Aluminum Conduits Light weight and lower cost; Not so good in mechanical protection Flexible Conduits To BS731 : Part 1 Used for final connection to machinery; CPC are required.

B2) Sizing of Conduit

IEE Regulation (15th Edition) provide the following tables for ease of conduit sizing:

Table A, B for 1/C PVC cables in a straight run 3m; Table C, D for 1/C PVC cable in conduit run > 3m.

The conduit size is considered satisfactory if the conduit factor is equal to or exceeds the sum of the cable factors

B2) Sizing of Conduit

Type of Conductor Solid C.S.A. of Conductor (mm2) 1 1.5 2.5 Factor 22 27 39

Stranded

1.5 2.5 4 6 10

31 43 58 68 146

Table A Cable factors for short straight runs

B2) Sizing of Conduit

Conduit Diameter (mm) 16 Factor 290

20
25 32

460
800 1400

Table B Conduit factors for short straight runs

B2) Sizing of Conduit

Type of Conductor Solid or Stranded C.S.A. of Conductor (mm2) 1 1.5 2.5 4 Factor 16 22 30 41

6
10

58
105

Table C Cable factors for long straight runs, or runs incorporating bends

B2) Sizing of Conduit

Refer to
Table A and B

Table D Conduit factors for runs incorporating bends

B2) Sizing of Conduit

Example In a conduit installation the length of run is 10m, assuming 2 right-angle bend. What is the conduit size to enclose four 2.5 mm2 PVC cables?

From Table C, factor for one 2.5mm2 cable = 30 Therefore, four 2.5mm2 cables = 4 x 30 = 120 From Table D, suitable conduit size with a factor of 141(>120) is 20mm. [10m Vs 2 bends, cable factor : 141]

B3) Type of Trunking

Use in conditions where a considerable no. of cables are required in an installation or where cables are too large for drawing into conduits. Erection time is reduced (wiring is easier and quicker) Multi-compartment trunking provides circuit segregation.

B3) Type of Trunking

Typical types of trunking A) Steel trunking for busbar rising mains. B) PVC skirting 3-compartment trunking for fitting-out wiring works where different category circuits such as Telephone cable, CABDS cable & power supply cable are to be installed in same run. C) Floor trunking to BS 4678 : Part 2 provides cabling to service boxes flushed with floor level (e.g. in open-plan office or dental room) D) Tap-on trunking in factory for internal power supply to machinery by plugging into the overhead trunking. E) Steel surface trunking for cable to BS 4678 : Part 1

B3) Type of Trunking

Classification for protection against corrosion: Electroplated zinc having a minimum thickness of zinc coating of 0.0012mm, inside and outside. As Class 1 but additional coating of stoved or air drying paint, applied at least to the external surface. Hot dip zinc coated steel.

Class 1 Class 2

Class 3

B4)
Type of Conductor Solid

Sizing of Trunking
C.S.A of Conductor (mm2) 1.5 2.5 Factor 7.1 10.2

Stranded

1.5 2.5 4 6 10

8.1 11.4 15.2 22.9 36.3

Table E Cable factors for trunking

B4)
50 x 37.5 50 x 50 75 x 25

Sizing of Trunking
Factor 767 1037 738

Dimension of Trunking (mm x mm)

75 x 37.5
75 x 50 75 x 75 100 x 25 100 x 37.5 100 x 50 100 x 75 100 x 100

1145
1555 2371 993 1542 2091 3189 4252

Table F Factors for trunking

B4)

Sizing of Trunking

Example What is the maximum no. of 10mm2 PVC cables permitted in 50mm x 50mm trunking?

From Table E, factor of 10mm2 conductor = 36.3 From Table F, factor of 50 x 50mm trunking = 1037 Maximum no. of cable= 1037 36.3 = 28.56 (say 28)

B5)

Ducting

It provided mechanical protection for cable run in the ground or under concreted floor. Types of ducting:

Concrete ducts Steel underfloor ducts Fibre underfloor ducts

Maximum spacing factor is 35%. It should be securely fixed and protected against corrosion and mechanical damage.

B5)

Ducting

Entries to duct must be protected against the inflow of water. Cables installed in underground ducts shall have a metal sheath. Underfloor trunking should be fabricated with sheet steel of not less than 12mm thickness for compartment width up to 100mm, but at least 1.6mm thickness for compartment width over 100mm. The minimum thickness of 1mm shall be used for the partitions and connector material.

B6) Segregation of Circuits

1) Suitable segregation between enclosed circuits with different categories shall be provided in wiring. For example, a low voltage circuit shall be separated from an extra-low voltage circuit. 2) Types of Circuit:
Category 1 Circuit A circuit (other than a fire alarm or emergency lighting circuit) operation at low voltage and supplied directly from a main supply system With the exception of firm alarm and emergency lighting circuits, ant circuit for telecommunication (e.g. radio, telephone) which is supplied form a safety source. A fire alarm circuit or an emergency lighting circuit. A high voltage circuit.

Category 2 Circuit

Category 3 Circuit Category 4 Circuit

B6) Segregation of Circuits

3) Low Voltage circuit shall be segregated form extra-low voltage circuit. Extra-low voltage cables shall not be drawn into the same conduit or duct, or terminated in the same box or block as low voltage cables unless the former are insulated for the highest voltage present in the low voltage circuit.

4) Cables of fire alarm and emergency lighting circuits shall not in any circumstances be drawn into the same conduit duct or ducting of other cables.

B6) Segregation of Circuits

5) Electrical services shall not be installed with pipes or tubes of non-electrical services (e.g. air, gas, oil, or water) in the same conduit, ducting or trunking. This requirement does not apply where the various services are under common supervision and it is confirmed that no mutual detrimental influence can occur.

6) For cables of category 1,2,3 circuits that are installed without enclosure or underground, a minimum separation of 50mm should be provided between different category circuits or alternatively at least 25mm separation with slabs of concrete inserted between the circuits and the shortest path round the concrete should exceed 75mm.

B6) Segregation of Circuits

7) Insulated bridge of at least 6mm thick should be used for separation of surface wiring of Category 1,2,3 circuit running across each other. The bridge should overlap the cables by at least 25mm on either side of point of crossing. 8) For cables of Category 4 circuit that are installed without enclosure or underground, a minimum separation of 300mm should be provided between Categories or alternatively a reduced separation with 50mm thick slabs of concrete inserted between the circuits and the shortest path round the concrete should exceed 180mm.

Example

Descriptions:

A flat of about 90m2 (useable area), with three bedrooms, (the master bedroom with en-suite bathroom), a guest bathroom, a kitchen, a dining room, lounge (living room) and a store room. An air-conditioner (<1.5 h.p., i.e. < 15A input current) is expected to be in each bedroom. An large air-conditioner (may be >2 h.p., i.e. >=15A input current) is expected to be in the dining room, and it also for the lounge. An electric cooker of about 14A rating is expected to be installed in the kitchen. Hot water is provided by gas heaters in bathrooms and the kitchen Battery operated door bell and clocks are expected.

Example

Example

Example

To provision here is more than that of the minimum recommended requirements in the CP for WR. No socket outlet is provided in the bathrooms, and the switches for lighting and the ventilation fan should be installed outside the bathrooms.

Example

Example

Typical Earthing Systems - 1

TT system A system having one point of the source of energy directly earthed, the exposed-conductive parts of the installation being connected to earth electrodes electrically independent of the earth electrodes of the source.

Typical Earthing Systems - 2

TN-S system

A system having one point of the source of energy directly earthed and having separate neutral and protective conductors throughout the system.

Typical Earthing Systems - 3

TNC-S system

A system having one point of the source of energy directly earthed, the neutral and protective functions are combined in a single conductor in part of the system.

Type of Earth Electrode

The following Earth Electrode

Deep driven earth rods and/ or parallel driven earth rods Buried tapes/ plated Welded metal reinforcement of concrete

Q&A

The End