Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
causing damage.
part
NDT methods rely upon use of electromagnetic radiation, sound, and inherent properties of materials
Ultrasonic Testing Magnetic particle inspection Dye penetrant inspection/Liquid penetrant inspection Radiographic testing Eddy-current testing
Aerospace engineering Mechanical engineering Electrical engineering Civil engineering Systems engineering Medicines
in
many
industries
including
aerospace,
Principle: LEFT: A probe sends a sound wave into a test material. There are two indications, one from
the initial pulse of the probe, and the second due to the back wall echo.
RIGHT: A defect creates a third indication and simultaneously reduces the amplitude of the back wall indication. The depth of the defect is determined by the ratio D/Ep.
Part is magnetized.
material allows the magnetic flux to leak, since air cannot support as much magnetic field per unit volume as metals.
Ferrous iron particles are then applied to the part. Particles will build up at the area of leakage and form what
is known as an indication.
1.
2.
3.
Excess penetrant is
removed. Developer is applied,
4.
currents can be monitored using a second 'receiver' coil, or by measuring changes to the current flowing in the primary 'excitation' coil.
permeability of the test object, or the presence of any flaws, will cause a change in eddy current and a corresponding change in the phase and amplitude of the measured current.
NDT Technique
Nature of defect
Ultrasonic Testing
Magnetic Particle Inspection
Sub-surface, interstitial
Surface and slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferroelectric materials
which had been operating for 21 years. The contents of the vessels were flammable, mildly toxic and contained 500 ppm of chlorides. The vessels were operated from full vacuum up to 15 psi for 20 cycles per day. They contained an agitator which was used in part of the process. Both vessels had been hydraulically tested to 70 psi when new but had not been subjected to a test since
Hence, no leak detection equipment had been installed and reliance was placed on plant operators noticing the smell or observing drips.
A competent Person from a large insurance company
immediately raises concerns regarding the possibility of stress corrosion cracking. While the cracks were likely to initiate on the inner surface, an external examination could detect the presence of through wall cracks only. However, stress corrosion cracks can be very tight and difficult to see with the naked eye. The hammer test offers no benefit - who knows what a good vessel should sound like!
vessel developed leaks at 40 psi. Further investigation of the vessel found thousands of through wall cracks. The vessel had not leaked in service because the contents were too viscous to pass through the tight stress corrosion cracks.
Finally it was decided to go for NDT with Dye
Penetrant Inspection using fluorescent dyes, which give a higher sensitivity and much better results in the confined, dark space of the vessel.
capabilities and
limitations and often more than one technique is used to cover various parts.
Increasing availability of robotic scanners improve the
s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondestructive_testing#Methods_and_te
chniques
http://testex-ndt.com/from-the-field/corrosion-detected-in-pipelines-
using-lfet/