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Learning Outcomes
Understand the theoretical controversy about capital structure and the value of the firm. Highlight the differences between the ModiglianiMiller view and the traditional view on the relationship between capital structure and the cost of capital and the value of the firm. Focus on the interest tax shield advantage of debt as well as its disadvantage in terms of costs of financial distress.
Introduction
Financial manager tries to achieve optimum capital structure because: It affects the value of the firm or Share price, either by increasing expected earnings or reducing the cost of capital.
N I Approach (Contd..)
E = NI Ke
Degree Of Leverage
D E
Numerical I
ABC Ltd expects operating profit (EBIT) of Rs. 1,00,000. The company has raised 12% debentures of Rs. 3,00,000. The companys equity capital cost is 13%. Determine value of firm and C.O.C.
Solution:
Particulars EBIT Less: Debenture Interest (3,00,000*12/100) Rs. 1,00,000 36,000
Net Income
Value of Firm Market Value of Equity (NI/Ke) (64,000/0.13) Add: Market Value of Debt Cost of Capital Ko Ko
64,000
E+D 4,92,307.69 3,00,000.00 792,307.69 (EBIT/V)100 (1,00,000/7,92,307.69) 12.62%
NOI (Contd.)
V = EBIT Ko E = V-D
Degree Of Leverage
D E
Numerical 2
ABC Ltd expects operating income of Rs. 1,00,000. The company has 12% debt of Rs. 3,00,000. The companys overall cost of capital is 13%. Calculate the total value of firm and equity capitalization rate (Ke).
Solution
Value of the Firm = EBIT / Ko = Rs. 1,00,000 / 0.13 = Rs. 7,69,230.77 Market Value of equity = V-D = Rs. 7,69,230.77- Rs. 3,00,000 = Rs. 4,69,230.77 EBIT-I V-D Rs. 1,00,000-Rs. 36,000 4,69,230.77 Or Ke =Ko + (Ko-Ki) D E = 0.13+ (0.13-0.12) 3,00,000 4,69,230.77
Modigliani-Miller Approach
MM Approach: Total value of firm is independent of its capital structure Assumptions a. Information is available at free of cost b. The same information is available for all investors c. Securities are infinitely divisible d. Investors are free to buy or sell securities e. There is no transaction cost f. There are no bankruptcy costs g. Investors can borrow without restrictions as the same terms on which a firm can borrow h. Dividend payout ratio is 100 percent i. EBIT is not affected by the use of debt
MM Approach (Contd.)
Proposition: I. Ko and V are independent of capital structure II. Ke = capitalisation rate of the pure equity plus a premium for financial risk. Ke increases with the use of more debt. Increased Ke off set exactly the use of a less expensive source of funds (debt) III. The cut of rate for investment purposes is completely independent of the way in which an investment is financed.
MM Approach [Proposition: I]
Arbitrage Process: Refers to an act of buying an asset or security in one market at lower price and selling it is an other market at higher price. Steps in working out Arbitrage Process Step 1: Investors Current Position: In this step there is a need to find out the current investment and income (return). Step 2: Calculation of Savings in Investment by moving from levered firm to unlevered firm. Savings in investment is equals to total funds [Funds raise by sale of shares plus funds raised by personnel borrowing] minus same percentage of investment. Here the income will be same which was earning in previous firm. Step 3: Calculation of Increased Income, by investing total funds available.
Limitations of MM Approach
Investors cannot borrow on the same terms and conditions of a firm Personal leverage is not substitute for corporate leverage Existence of transaction cost Institutional restriction on personal leverage Asymmetric information Existence of corporate tax
Traditional Approach
Traditional Approach is midway between NI and NOI theories
Traditional approach says judicious use of debt helps increase value of firm and reduce cost of capital
D E
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