SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION

Nani Cahyani Sudarsono Ahmad Aulia Jusuf

Skeletal muscle contraction Modul Muskuloskeletal FKUI - December 2007

Muscle Characteristics
4 major functional characteristics
Contractility
Capacity of muscle to contract forcefully

Excitability
Responds to stimulation by nerves or hormones

Extensibility
Muscles can be stretched to normal resting length and beyond to a limited degree

Elasticity
If muscles are stretched, they can recoil to their original resting length

muscles move the body

through skeletal muscle contraction that produce muscle tension

Primal Pictures: Interactive Functional Anatomy

Muscle structure

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Muscle structure

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Muscle structure

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Muscle structure

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Muscle structure

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Muscle structure

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Muscle structure

Muscle structure

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Muscle structure

http://home.earthlink.net/~dayvdanls/biology1_2/physiolect8.htm

Muscle structure

http://home.earthlink.net/~dayvdanls/biology1_2/physiolect8.htm

Muscle structure

http://home.earthlink.net/~dayvdanls/biology1_2/physiolect8.htm

Muscle structure

http://home.earthlink.net/~dayvdanls/biology1_2/physiolect8.htm

Longitudinal Section of Myofibril

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sarcomere

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Muscloskeletal module Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia December 2007

molecular basis of muscle contraction:

repeated sliding of myofilaments at sufficient ATP and Ca

20

Neuromuscular Junction

LECTURE 18

NMJ and Motor End Plate

Motor End Plate

AP

Ca++ Voltage-gated Channels

Synapse AP

Na+
Synaptic Cleft

Excitation of the Muscle

LECTURE 18

Skeletal Muscle Innervation

Figure 10.10c
Andrei R. Manolescu M.D. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Alberta - Sept 27 2005

Skeletal Muscle Innervation

Figure 10.10c
Andrei R. Manolescu M.D. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Alberta - Sept 27 2005

Skeletal Muscle Innervation

Figure 10.10c
Andrei R. Manolescu M.D. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Alberta - Sept 27 2005

Skeletal Muscle Innervation

Figure 10.10c
Andrei R. Manolescu M.D. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Alberta - Sept 27 2005

Skeletal Muscle Innervation

Figure 10.10c
Andrei R. Manolescu M.D. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Alberta - Sept 27 2005

Skeletal Muscle Innervation

Figure 10.10c
Andrei R. Manolescu M.D. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Alberta - Sept 27 2005

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Contraction Cycle

Figure 10.12
Andrei R. Manolescu M.D. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Alberta - Sept 27 2005

The Contraction Cycle

Figure 10.12
Andrei R. Manolescu M.D. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Alberta - Sept 27 2005

The Contraction Cycle

Figure 10.12
Andrei R. Manolescu M.D. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Alberta - Sept 27 2005

Actin Myosin Crossbridge 3D Animation

San Diego State University College of Sciences

Based in part on Color Atlas of Physiology, Agamemnon Despopoulos, Stefan Silbernagl Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. , 1991, New York
http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/movies/actin_myosin.html

Changes in the appearance of a Sarcomere during the Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Andrei R. Manolescu M.D. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Alberta Sept 27th , 2005

muscle contraction produces tension

Isotonic Contractions

Figure 9.17 (a)

Elaine N. Marieb Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition

Isometric Contractions

Elaine N. Marieb Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition

Figure 9.17 (b)

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Silverthorn; Human Physiology An Integrated approach

Muscloskeletal module Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia December 2007

Metabolism for muscle contraction

42

Muscle Metabolism: Energy for Contraction

Elaine N. Marieb Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 9.18

Energy for Contraction

Vander, Sherman, Luciano's Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function, 9/e

Metabolic Pathways

Nelson, D. L., and M. M. Cox. 2000. Lehninger principles of biochemistry, 3rd ed., p. 604. Worth Publishers, New York.

Metabolic Pathways

Copyright 2001-2004, E.C. Niederhoffer. All Rights Reserved

Metabolic Pathways

Copyright 2001-2004, E.C. Niederhoffer. All Rights Reserved

Muscloskeletal module Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia December 2007

Kind of exercise
for weight control?

52

Muscloskeletal module Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia December 2007

Kind of exercise
for building muscle?

53

Molecular Model of Sarcomere

(http://cellbio.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/full/18/1/637) Molecular model of the I-band, A-band, and M-line regions of the sarcomere. Polar thin filaments, containing actin, tropomyosin, troponins C, I, and T, and single molecules of skeletal muscle nebulin, span the I-band and interdigitate with the myosin (thick) filaments in the A-band, where they are capped at their pointed ends by tropomodulin. The myosin heads extend from the core of the thick filaments in the C-zone of the A-band, and are anchored and aligned in the middle of the sarcomere, the M-line. Myosin-binding proteins, including MyBP-C, are associated with the thick filaments and likely play multiple roles in the sarcomere. Single molecules of the giant protein titin extend an entire half sarcomere and are proposed to function as a template for sarcomere assembly. Titin's I-band region contains elastic elements that contribute to the passive force of myofibrils. The M-line proteins myomesin and M-protein, as well as MyBP-C, likely contribute to the linkage of thick filaments with titin, whereas MURF-1 and p94 may function in titin M-line region protein turn-over. Also shown here is Novex-3, a novel mini-titin, that binds to another giant protein, obscurin. Other novel titin isoforms have been found that are not shown here. Components whose binding sites are unknown are shown with question marks.
Copyright 2001-2004, E.C. Niederhoffer. All Rights Reserved

Molecular Model of Sarcomere

(http://cellbio.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/full/18/1/637) Molecular model of sarcomeric Z-disk components, which form the borders of individual sarcomeres. Opposing thin filaments and individual titin molecules interdigitate at the Z-line and are cross-linked by {alpha}-actinin dimers. The diagram depicts one {alpha}-actinin dimer simultaneously cross-linking two actin filaments and two titin molecules; other configurations are possible. Myopodin and filamin can also bind actin filaments, but it is not clear if they actually cross-link opposing thin filaments, as indicated here. Z-line-associated proteins are shown individually or with known binding partners; the two-dimensional nature of the drawing prevents a full appreciation of how the proteins are arranged with respect to each other. Proteins whose binding sites are unknown are indicated with question marks. It is possible that some Z-line components may be preferentially localized to the Z-line/I-band boundary (e.g., filamin, MLP) or more prominent in the Z-lines of peripheral myofibrils. Copyright 2001-2004, E.C. Niederhoffer. All Rights Reserved.

Sarcolemma

(http://cellbio.annualreviews.org/cgi/content/full/18/1/637)
A schematic model of the cytoskeletal filament linkages at the sarcolemma of striated muscle. Four major cytoskeletal/membrane junctions are depicted: (a) cadherin-based linkages to actin and intermediate filaments (desmin); (b) integrin-based focal adhesions; (c) dystroglycan complex (DGC); and (d) spectrin-based membrane cytoskeleton. The cadherin-based fascia adheren at the intercalated disc couples neighboring cardiomyocytes (through homotypic interactions) and tethers the contractile apparatus to the muscle termini. Desmosomes are a second cadherin-based junction that anchor desmin filaments at the intercalated disc. Connections between intermediate filament proteins and the membrane may occur through a plectin/{alpha}-crystallin complex or via an association with DGC via dystrobrevin. Integrin-based focal adhesions and the DGC act as transmembrane receptors for ECM components (e.g., laminin) and link the extracellular surface with the actin cytoskeleton. Integrins associate with talin, {alpha}-actinin, vinculin and N-RAP to form a strong mechanical link to actin filaments. Integrins could directly interact with {alpha}-actinin and/or other components not depicted here to mediate a connection with actin. The DGC consists of the transmembrane complex {alpha}/-dystroglycan, dystrophin, the sarcoglycans, and other components not depicted here. Spectrin is enriched at costameres, and is an important component of the membrane cytoskeleton. It is linked to the membrane through ankyrin and probably the Na,KATPase transmembrane protein. Spectrin may have an additional role in anchoring the contractile apparatus to the membrane though an interaction with MLP. Importantly, all of these linkage complexes can bind to the submembraneous actin ({gamma}-actin) and are probably interlinked through this association as well as other unknown interactions. Copyright 2001-2004, E.C. Niederhoffer. All Rights Reserved

Role of calcium
Muscle contraction troponin C Glycogen breakdown calmodulin (activates phosphorylase b kinase) Citric acid cycle activation pyruvate dehydrogenase complex isocitrate dehydrogenase -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Muscloskeletal module Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia December 2007

Muscle fiber type and its role in movement

58

Fiber Contraction Speed: Fast & Slow Twitch muscle fibers

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

RED muscle fiber

Glycogen? Myoglobin? Capillary? Diameter? << >> >> <<
Metabolism? Myosin ATPase activity? Time to develop max tension? Ca++-ATPase activity in SR? Contraction duration? Endurance? Use?

WHITE muscle fiber

Glycogen? Myoglobin? Capillary? Diameter? >> << << >>
Metabolism? Myosin ATPase activity? Time to develop max tension? Ca++-ATPase activity in SR? Contraction duration? Endurance? Use?

Muscloskeletal module Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia December 2007

Muscle contraction in control of movement

62

Spinal Reflex

Bear, Connors, Paradiso; Neuroscience. Exploring the Brain

Graded Muscle Responses

Graded muscle responses are:
Variations in the degree of muscle contraction Required for proper control of skeletal movement

Responses are graded by:

Changing the strength of the stimulus Changing the frequency of stimulation

Elaine N. Marieb Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Recruitment of motor units

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Motor unit stimulation

MECHANOMYOGRAM

Subthreshold stimulus Threshold stimulus Submaximal stimulus Maximal stimulus Supramaximal stimulus

0 1 2 3 3

twitch

Number of motor unit recruited

Stimulus Intensity and Muscle Tension

Elaine N. Marieb Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 9.15 (a, b)

Treppe: The Staircase Effect

Elaine N. Marieb Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 9.16

Coordinating the Fibers: Summation to Tetanus

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 12-17: Summation of contractions

The effect of sarcomere length on tension

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Skeletal muscle contraction Modul Muskuloskeletal FKUI - December 2007

CONTRACTION of MUSCLE
MOTOR NERVE

CROSS BRIDGE

POWER STROKE MECHANIC FORCE

FREQUENCY & INTENSITY of STIMULUS/I BODY

MOVEMENT

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ncs & aaj