Data Communications and Transmission Systems (EN0214) Lecture 10

Multiple Access (multiplexing)

Dr. MICHAEL ELSDON
Room: Ellison Building E406 E-mail: michael.elsdon@unn.ac.uk
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Time Divisional Multiple Access (TDMA)

ALL of the bandwidth SOME of the time

Each person uses the same frequency and take turns to transmit the data in a round-robin fashion.

Multiple signals can be carried on a single transmission medium by interleaving portions of each signal in time.

Only possible if: data rate of tx medium > data rate of signals to be transmitted

-8000 2000 4000 6000 8000 0

-6000

-4000

1280 94720 2E+05 3E+05 4E+05 5E+05 6E+05 7E+05 7E+05 8E+05 9E+05 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06

-2000

Example: Transmitting 2 Signals on 1 Channel

1KHz Signal
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-8000 2000 4000 6000 8000 0

-6000

-4000

1280 94720 2E+05 3E+05 4E+05 5E+05 6E+05 7E+05 7E+05 8E+05 9E+05 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06

-2000

Example: Transmitting 2 Signals on 1 Channel

2KHz Signal
1KHz Signal
4

-8000 2000 4000 6000 8000 0

-6000

-4000

1280 94720 2E+05 3E+05 4E+05 5E+05 6E+05 7E+05 7E+05 8E+05 9E+05 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06
5

-2000

Signal 1
1KHz Signal

Signal 1 - Sampled
Signal 1 is sampled and held for 31 microseconds
8000 6000 4000 2000 0
1280 78080 2E+05 2E+05 3E+05 4E+05 5E+05 5E+05 6E+05 7E+05 8E+05 8E+05 9E+05 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06

1KHz Sampled Signal

-2000 -4000 -6000 -8000

There is another 31 microseconds which we could use to sample another signal

2E+06

-8000 2000 4000 6000 0

-6000

-4000

93440 2E+05 3E+05 4E+05 5E+05 6E+05 6E+05 7E+05 8E+05 9E+05 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06
7

-2000

1280

Signal 2
2KHz Signal

-6000 2000 4000 6000 0

1280 78080 2E+05 2E+05 3E+05 4E+05 5E+05 5E+05 6E+05 7E+05 8E+05 8E+05 9E+05 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06

-4000

-2000

Signal 2 is sampled and held for 31 microseconds

2KHz Sampled Signal

Signal 2 - Sampled
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Sampled Signals 1 and 2

8000 6000 4000 2000 0 -2000 -4000 -6000 -8000 1 118 235 352 469 586 703

2KHz Sampled Signal

1KHz Sampled Signal

820 937 1054 1171 1288 1405 1522

-8000 2000 4000 6000 8000 0

-6000

-4000

1280 94720 2E+05 3E+05 4E+05 5E+05 6E+05 7E+05 7E+05 8E+05 9E+05 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 1E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06 2E+06
10

-2000

2KHz Signal
1KHz Signal

Recovered Signals

GuardTimes
Signals from a distant source may arrive later than other closer sources. This will cause interference between signals. M

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Time Slot Time Slot 2 1 Time Slot n

time

TDMA Transmitter
n inputs m1(t) m2(t)
BUFFER

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m1(t) TDM Stream

BUFFER

m2(t)
s (t)
MODEM

mn(t) mn(t)
BUFFER

Scan Operation

Modulated TDM stream

Step The scan operation isare fast enough so each buffer isor Step 5:4: digital signal m1(t) may be directly, 3: The The buffers scanned sequentially to form a the Step 1: A number of are signals to be transmitted multiplexed onto emptied before more data passed through a modem so can thatarrive. an analogue signal can be composite digital stream. same channel. transmitted THUS, rate of mc(t) must be at equal to the data rate Step 2: the data The data from each signal isleast fed to a buffer. of m1(t)

Explanation of TDMA Transmitter

Step 1: A number of signals are to be multiplexed onto the same channel. Step 2: The data from each signal is fed to a buffer.

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Step 3: The buffers are scanned sequentially to form a composite digital stream. Step 4: The scan operation is fast enough so each buffer is emptied before more data can arrive. THUS, the data rate of mc(t) must be at least equal to the data rate of m1(t) Step 5: The digital signal m1(t) may be transmitted directly, or passed through a modem so that an analogue signal can be transmitted

GuardTimes
To prevent this GUARD-TIMES are inserted between signals

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Guard-Times

Time Slot 1

Time Slot 2

Time Slot n
time

GUARD-TIMES are a safety measure to prevent interference

TDMA Receiver
At the receiver, the interleaved data is de-multiplexed and routed to the appropriate buffer TDM Stream
BUFFER BUFFER

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n outputs
m1(t)

MODEM

m2(t)

Modulated TDM stream

Scan Operation

BUFFER

mn(t)

Notes on TDMA
Typically users are assigned a time slot for the duration of their call. (whether they are using it or not)

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What is wrong with this ?

It is likely that channel capacity is being wasted

Solution
To maximise channel resources packet transmission is now common

The user is allocated a time slot ON DEMAND.

(more about Packet Transmission in subsequent lectures)

TDMA Advantages / Disadvantages

Advantages
Guarantees fairness as each sender is given an opportunity to transmit their data on the same medium Each user can use all the available bandwidth (for a limited time).

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Disadvantages:
If a user has no data to send no other user can use their slot (as with FDMA).

The channel capacity is not being fully exploited.

TDMA and FDMA

Example: FDMA 4 users

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frequency

time TDMA

frequency time

Spread Spectrum
This technique is used to spread the information signal over a wider bandwidth.
Channel

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Input (narrowband)

Modulator

Output

Encoder

(wideband) Spreading code

Pseudorandom

Generator

1. Input is fed into the channel encoder (this produces narrow band signal)

2. This is modulated with a spreading code

3. This increases the bandwidth (hence the term spread spectrum)

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

ALL of the bandwidth ALL of the time Each user is assigned a pseudo-random (PN) binary-valued code. (see previous slide)
This PN code is unique to each user. Two types of CDMA Frequency Hopping (Fh-CDMA) Direct Sequence (Ds-CDMA)

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Frequency Hopping CDMA

Each user HOPS frequency over the available spectrum

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Users are distinguished from each other by a unique HOPPING CODE.

Direct Sequence CDMA

All users occupy the same spectrum at the same time

Users are distinguished from each other by a unique SPREADING CODE.

Multiple Access The Cocktail Party Analogy

Consider a number of guests at a cocktail party:

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FDMA: each guest has a separate room to talk to each other

TDMA: everyone is in the same room, and has a limited

time to hold their conversation

FH-CDMA: the guest run from room to room to talk Ds-CDMA: everyone is in the same room, talking at the
same time, but each pair talks in a different language.

Key Points To Remember

Advantages and Disadvantages of TDMA

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Pay particular attention to examples

(Spare Slide) TDM Frames

The transmitted data may have the following format: Time Slots Time Slots

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2 FRAME N

FRAME 1
The data is organised into frames Each frame contains a cycle of time slots

In each frame 1 or more time slots is dedicated to each data source The sequence from FRAME FRAME is called a CHANNEL