The Cell Cycle

Chapter 8 Sections 8.2 & 8.3

Cell Growth and Reproduction

Section 8.2

Cell Size

Cells can come in many different sizes

Red Blood Cells ~ 8 micrometers Nerve cells ~ 1 m long Yolk of Ostrich egg ~ 8 cm

Cell Size

Most living cells are between 2 and 200 micrometers in diameter

Why may this be? What advantage does a cell have with staying small?

Cell Size

As a cell gets bigger, its surface area and volume change.

Cell Size

Surface area- area of each surface Length x Width

Volume- L x W x H

Cell Size

Cells rely on diffusion to move particles throughout the cell.

How would the diffusion rate of substances into and out of the cell change as the cell gets larger?

Calculate the SA & V

4 mm 1 mm 1 mm 1 mm 2 mm 2 mm 4 mm

4 mm

2 mm

Surface Area = (l * w) * 6 Volume = l * w * h

Cell Size

Compare the surface area to the volume of each cell by dividing the surface area by the volume.
SA cube 1 = 6 cm Volume cube 1 = 1cm Ratio: 6 / 1 = 6

Cell Size

If a cell got too large, it would either starve to death or be poisoned from the buildup of waste products due to the slow rate of diffusion! If a cell is too large, diffusion cannot work efficiently enough

Cell Size

2 major factors that limit cell size

Rate of Diffusion DNA

What is the function of DNA?

Cell Size

DNA contains the instructions for making proteins

Proteins perform critical cell functions

Cell Size

The cell cant survive if it doesnt have enough DNA to support its protein needs

Cell Size

How can a large cell compensate for being so big?

Have more than one nucleus!

Cell Reproduction

When a cell gets too big, it must replicate itself and divide
Why?

Prevent itself from getting too big for its britches"

Replication usually ensures survival Worn out cells need to be replaced

Cell Reproduction

Remember the cell theory?

All cells come from preexisting cells

Cell Reproduction

Cell reproduction (cell division) is the process by which cells produce new cells Results in two cells that are identical to the original parent cell

Identical sets of genetic information!

Cell Reproduction

Cell reproduction is a well orchestrated event

Division is different in prokaryotes (bacteria) and eukaryotes

Prokaryotic Cell Division

Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission

DNA is copied and cell splits in half

The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

Eukaryotic cell division is a highly orchestrated event

The cell cycle is the sequence of growth and division of a eukaryotic cell

What process is shown here?

Yesterdays Highlights
The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA and the more trouble the cell has moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane.

The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

There are three major parts to the cell cycle

Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis

Chromosomes
*Cell division results in two cells that are identical to the original parent cell*

Histone

When a cell is not dividing, genetic information exists as chromatin wrapped around histones (structural proteins) Like beads on a string

Chromatin

Chromosomes

Just before cell division, chromosomes become visible as chromatin is tightly packed or supercoiled to avoid damage during division

Supercoils

Chromosomes

Finally, chromosomes are duplicated so that each cell has a copy Each copy is called a sister chromatid and is held together by a centromere

Chromosomes

What is the difference between chromosomes and chromatin? Nothing! Just how its arranged.
Chromatin Chromosomes

Condensing and doubling

The Cell Cycle

INTERPHASE - busiest time in a cells life

Cell performs its normal functions and produces proteins so it can perform its particular job

Most of a cells life is spent in this phase

Interphase

Divided into three parts Part 1 (G1)

Cell grows and protein production is high

Part 1

Interphase

Part 2 (S phase)Chromatin is copied

Part 2

Interphase

Part 3 (G2)

Cell prepares for division

Centrioles and other organelles are copied to aid in cell division

Part 3

Cell Reproduction

The Phases of Mitosis

There are four important phases that occur during mitosis

Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Prophase

Prophase

Chromatids condense Nuclear envelope disappears Centrioles align near nucleus Spindle fibers form

Sister Chromatids

Metaphase

Chromosomes attach to spindle fibers Line up along the middle of the cell

Anaphase

Sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite sides of the cell
Caused by the shortening of the microtublues in the spindle fibers

Telophase

Prophase reverses
Chromosomes unwind for use in the new cell

Spindle fibers break down; nucleolus and nuclear envelope reappears New membrane forms between the cells

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm splitting
In animal cells, plasma membrane pinches at the equator forming cleavage furrow In plant cells, cell plate is laid down and new cell walls and membranes form around it
Cell plate forming