INTRODUCTION OF STATISTICS

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Introduction

STATISTICS
The
The

Data it self

science which study about the collection, organization, analysis, and made conclusions of data in the numerical forms.

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Introduction

DATA QUALITY
has an important role, as in the term GIGO garbage in garbage out . Geological hypothesis: (a) Is there a significance difference in composition between granite from two intrusion bodies? (b) Is there a regular cyclicities properties in a sequence of limestone thin layers? What can we estimate the permeability of sandstone layers from a well bore log data (wireline logging)?
Data
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PRECISION and ACURATION

PRECISION: a measure is called precise if we repeat it on a object will give the same value. ACCURATION: a measure is called accurate if their results close to a right given value. There are a combination form between low/high precision with low/high accuration .

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PRECISION and ACCURATION

Precision
High Accuracy High 49, 50, 50, 52, 50, 49, 51, 50 (suppose true value Low 54, 55, 55, 57, 55, is 50) 54, 56, 55 Low 55, 47, 50, 52, 44, 53, 57, 47 60, 52, 55, 57, 49, 58, 62, 52

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TYPES OF GEOLOGICAL DATA (1)

RATIO SCALE DATA

The ratio scale data is a common measure such as length, weight of matter, it is a good and without problem data. INTERVAL SCALE DATA
Zero point is not data termination, such as the temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit degrees, the zero point not an end, however the Kelvins degree is a ratio scale data .

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TYPE OF GEOLOGICAL DATA (2)

CLOSED DATA These data in the form of percentages or ppm (part per million), or other form which indicates a proportion to a fixed value. It must be careful in bivariates or multivariate analyses.

DIRECTIONAL DATA The data are expressed in the form of angle, for example azimuth, it need special process because 0 o = 360 o

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TYPE GEOLOGICAL DATA (3)

ORDINAL SCALE DATA
It is a poor quality data, interval scale is not regular and just shows the rank position then it can not be used for added, subtracted or dividing processes. For example the Mohss hardness scale, Richters earthquake intensity scale that based on the degree of damages. Analyzing of ordinal data generally use the non-parametric statistics which analyze the data based on rank order.

DISCRETE DATA
All those above data has continue properties. The discrete data, commonly in the form of integer, for examples: counting some objects such as the number of fossils in 1 cm2 of outcrop.

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TYPE OF GEOLOGICAL DATA (4)

NOMINAL OR CATEGORIAL DATA

These data are in the forms such as name, for example minerals, fossils which must be converted to numerical data. It was sometimes analysis in binary forms, e.q. if there is a fossil we note as 1, if there is no fossil we note as 0. Analysis commonly made by multivariable method.

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TYPE OF GEOLOGICAL DATA (5)

RATIO SCALE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

INTERVAL SCALE

-3

-2 -1

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TYPE OF GEOLOGICAL DATA (6)

CLOSED

0%

10

20

30

40

50

60 70

80 90

100%

ORDINAL

2 3

7 8

10 11

12

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TYPE OF GEOLOGICAL DATA (7)

N

360 o

0o

360 = 0 .. ?
DIRECTIONAL
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TYPE OF ANALYSIS (1)

UNIVARIATE METHODS Each variable analyzed in isolation, the data can be portrayed as a series of points along an appropriately scaled line

x x

x x x

x x

10

15

20

25

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TYPE OF ANALYSIS (2) BIVARIATE

Y
40 30 20 10 x x

METHODS
Two variables analyzed together. The two measurements made on one object give coordinates of a point in a two dimensional (2D) space, and a data set can be portrayed as a 2D scatter, for the purpose of investigating the relationship between the data points and/ or the relationship between the variables.

x x
x x

0
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15

X
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TYPE OF ANALYSIS (3)

X 4 3 2 1

TIME SERIES METHODS

Sequences of data in time (or space) can be in various forms. Some can be treated as simple bivariate data, with one variable happening to be time. Often, the situation is conceptualized as a continuously varying curve

0 1 5 10 15
Time

20

25

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TYPE OF ANALYSIS (4)

20 10

SPATIAL ANALYSIS
Three (or four) variables analysed together, two (or three) of which are spatial coordinates; grid references or latitude/ longitude, with or without altitude or depth. The other variable is geological measurement of interest, and as regarded as varying continuously over the area.

40

40

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TYPE OF ANALYSIS (5)

MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS

General methods applicable to any number of variables analyzed simultaneously, and usually applied to more (often many more) then three variables. If these are m variables, the data may be imagined as points in an mdimensional space. The prime objective is to reduce the dimensionality so that the shape of the data scatter can be viewed. Relationship between variable can also be investigated.

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Sample and Population

Population

SAMPLE

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Sampling Strategies (1)

RANDOM
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REGULAR
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Sampling Strategies (2)

CLUSTERED
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UNIFORM
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Sampling Strategies (3)

TRAVERSE
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THANK YOU

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