The Cell

The DNA and RNA Structure

The DNA and RNA Structure

The DNA and RNA Structure

The central dogma of molecular biology

DNA replication
transcription

RNA
translation

Protein

The Expression of Genetic Information

The Chromosomes (1)

The Chromosomes (2)

The Cell Membrane (1)

The Cell Membrane (2)

The Cell Membrane (3)

The Mitokhondria

Golgi Vesicle

Cell Cycle
Mitosis (Telophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Prophase) G2 (Growth 2)

G0

G1 (Growth 1)

S phase (DNA synthesis)

Spermatogenesi s

Sperm formation. Note the positions of the first and second meiotic divisions.Formation of mature sperm is a continuous process in the adult male

Oogenesis
Oocyte formation. Note that the second meiotic division occurs very late in the maturation process. Meiosis in these cells is strikingly asymmetrical with respect to the cytoplasm

Embryo Development (1)

Cleavage in an idealized embryo (not drawn to scale) (A)The single-celled zygote still has two polar bodies attached to it. Succesive divisions result in two (B), four ( C), eight (D) cells, and so on. Divions continue to form a morula (E) and then a blastocyst zygote, and the whole blastocyst, consisting of many cells and a cavity (blastocoel), is scarrely larger than the one original zygote cell.

Embryo Development (2)

Embryo Development (3)

The outline of sequence of the events that take place from fertilization to senescence (1)
Fertilization Zygote Blastomere Morula Blastocyst Embryonic development Fetal development Childbirth

The outline of sequence of the events that take place from fertilization to senescence (2)

Childbirth Neonatal Infantcy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Senescence Died

Cell Death (Necrobiosis)

Natural death Necrobiosis Cell death resulting from irreversible damage caused by disease or accident Necrosis

Three types of nclear changes accompany cell death:

Condensation and shringking of nuclear material (pyknosis) Disintegration of the nucleus into fragments (karyonhexis) Deisolation of the nucleus (karyolysis)

Cell Aging
No single hypothesis that can explain aging. It has been estimated at least 7000 different genes are involved in the aging process. Two of the popular hypothesis of aging is free radical hypothesis and DNA mutation hypothesis

Free Radical Hypothesis

Reference for Molecule of Life

1. Carola R, Harley JP, Noback Jr. Human Anatomy and Physiology. McGraw Hill Publ Comp. 1990. pp 56-87, 858-899 2. Devlin TM. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlation. 4th ed. A John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Publ New York. 1997. pp 2-20 3. Lehninger AL, Nelson DL, Cox MM. Principles of Biochemistry. 2nd ed. Worth Publ. 1993. pp 3-76

Reference for Human Life Cycle

1. Carola R, Harley JP, Noback Jr. Human Anatomy and Physiology. McGraw Hill Publ Comp. 1990. pp 56-87, 858-899 2. Darnell J., Lodesh H., Baltimore D. Molecular Cell Biology. 2nd ed. Scientific American Books. 1990. pp 67-145 3. Sack GH. Medical Genetics. Mc GrawHill Publ Comp. 1999. pp 1-37