INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS

Word

computer means to calculate Calculating device which can perform arithmetic operations at enormous speed Definition: Computer is an electronic machine devised for performing calculations and controlling operations that can be expressed either in a logical or numerical terms

Data
Computer : device that operates on data Data is anything that is to be recorded Data is in various shapes and sizes, depending on the applications Processes data : data processor Consists of 3 subactivities

Capturing the inout data Manipulating the data Managing the output results

Information
Data

arranged in an order and form Useful to people who receive it Data is raw material used as input to data processing Information is processed data obtained as the output of the data processing

HOW COMPUTERS REPRESENT DATA

BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/Not BYTE: Group of bits for one character

ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)

PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each byte to help detect errors *

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
Automatic

Works by itself with out human intervention Once started can carry on it job is finished Speed Very fast device Can perform in a few seconds Computer does it in one minute which otherwise would take a life for a man The speed of computer is is calculated in MHz(megahertz) that is one million instructions per second.

Accuracy Because of the error detecting techniques the probability of errors in computer is negligible.

Reliability It is the measurement of the performance of computer . Storage capability Computers can store a large amount of data and it can recall the required information whenever required. Power of Remembering Remembers anything and everything Can store and recall any amount of information because of its capability Can be retained as long as desired by the user

Diligence Free from tiredness and lack of concentration. It can continuously work for hours without creating any error
Versatility It is capable of performing any task any time

COMPUTER OPERATIONS
Computers perform following five basic operations:

Input: Process of entering data and instructions Storing: saving data to make them readily available Processing: perform arithmetic or logical operations on data to convert them into useful information.

COMPUTER OPERATIONS
Computers perform following five basic operations:

Output: produce useful information or results for the user. Controlling: Directing the manner and sequence in which all of the above operations are performed

COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

1. 2. 3.

A computer system consist of three important components CPU (central processing unit) Input Unit Output Unit

CPU (central processing unit)

It performs processing of instruction and data Stores data as well as programs.

INPUT OUTPUT DEVICES

Input data

Input Devices

Input data coded

CPU & Memory

Processed data

Output Results Devices Of Processing In human Acceptable form

Role of I/O device in a computer system

INPUT DEVICES

Keyboard devices: Allow data entry into a computer system by pressing set of keys Five types of keys 1. Typing Keys(1,2,A,B,etc) 2. Numeric Keypad(on the right hand side of the keyboard)

Point and draw devices

Mouse Trackball Joystick Electronic Pen Touch Screen

MOUSE

Most popular point and draw device Small hand held device Rolls on a small bearing and has one or more buttons on top Movements of mouse are reproduced by the graphic cursor 1>Mechanical mouse 2>Optical mouse

Trackball

Pointing device similar to a mouse turned upside down. A trackball requires less space than a mouse for operation It is often attached to or built in keyboard (laptop) Comes in various shapes like a ball, button and a square

Trackball To be rolled With fingers

Click buttons

JOYSTICK
Joystick is a device that moves in all directions and controls the movement Of the cursor . Offers three types of controls: digital, glide and direct. Digital control allows movement in a limited number of directions such as up,down,left and right. Glide and Direct control allow movements in all directions (360 degrees)

Stick
Ball

Socket

SPEECH RECOGNITION
Speech

recognition is the most interactive systems to communicate with the computer. The user can simply instruct the computer with the help of a microphone (along with the speech recognition software) what Task to perform.

DATA SCANNING DEVICES

Input devices which are used for direct data entry into computer from source documents Characteristics: They eliminate some of the duplication of human effort req. to Get data into the computer Do not have to manually enter the data Reduction in human intervention improves data accuracy and can Increase the timeliness of information processed Form design and ink specification may become more critical

OPTICAL MARK READER

Scanners are capable of recognizing a pre-specified type of mark made by pencil or pen It involves focusing a light on the page being scanned, and detecting reflected light pattern from the marks Example: pencil marks made with a soft lead pencil (high graphic content) reflect the light, enabling the reader to determine which Responses are marked BAR CODE READER

Data coded in the form of small lines known as bars Represent alphanumeric data by a combination of bars Unique identification Used for reading bar coded data Scans a bar-code image and converts it into an alphanumeric value Uses a laser beam scanning technology Laser beam is stroked across patterns of bars. Bars reflect the beam in different ways, sensed by Light sensitive detector

OUTPUT DEVICES Device that accepts data from a computer and transfers them Into a form, which is suitable for use by the outer world Monitors
Printers

Plotters
Screen Image projector

Voice response systems

Drum Printers
Line printers which print one line at a time. It consists of a solid Cylindrical drum with characters embossed on its surface in the form of circular bands Each column contains a complete set of characters. Has a set of hammers mounted in front of the drum Once every column in a line is printed, the paper is advanced upward so that the next line can be printed. Drum is expensive and cannot be changed often

LASER PRINTERS Page printers which print one page at a time Main components Laser Beam source A multi sided mirror A photoconductive drum and toner (tiny partials of oppositely charges ink), non impact printers
Provides highest quality text and images for personal computers.

Inkjet Printers Character printers, form characters of all kinds by spraying small drops of ink on the paper

Print head contain 64 tiny nozzles which can be selectively heated Up in few microseconds Higher quality output than dot matrix Ability to print graphics such as charts and graphs Non impact printers bcoz they print by spraying ink on the paper Produces high quality graphics. Can print upto 6 pages a minute

CPU (central processing unit)

It performs processing of instruction and data Stores data as well as programs. Performs data processing operations and sends the result to output unit. It has three parts
1. 2. 3.

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ALU (arithmetic logic unit) CU (control unit) MU (memory unit)

CPU (central processing unit)

The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It: interprets instructions to the computer (control unit), performs the arithmetic and logical processing (ALU)

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ALU & CONTROL UNIT

ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU component performs logic and arithmetic operations CONTROL UNIT: CPU component controls, coordinates other parts of computer system *

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

CONTROL UNIT

ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT

ROM

CLOCK

RAM

PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY

Central Processing Unit

Memory Unit

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Control Unit

Arithmetic Logic Unit

Input Unit

Output Unit

STORAGE DEVICES
A storage device is a hardware device designed to store information. There are two types of storage devices used in computers; a 'primary storage' device and a 'secondary storage' device.

A storage location that holds memory for short periods of times. For example computer RAM is an example of a primary storage device.

PRIMARY MEMORY
RAM (Random Access Memory) It is a place in the computer where the operating system, application programs and data in current use are kept . Allows to store data for immediate manipulation and to keep track of what is currently being processed.

MACHINE CYCLE

STEPS NEEDED FOR SINGLE INSTRUCTION PCs & OLDER MACHINES: Microseconds (millionth second) POWERFUL MACHINES: Nanoseconds (billionth second) *

COMPUTER TIME

NAME
Millisecond

LENGTH
.001 second

# PER SECOND
thousand

Microsecond .001 millisecond

Nanosecond .001microsecond Picosecond .001 nanosecond

million
billion trillion *

TYPES OF MEMORY

RAM: Random Access Memory

Dynamic: Changes thru processing Static: Remains constant (power on)

It

is a place in the computer where the operating system, application programs and data in current use are kept . Allows to store data for immediate manipulation and to keep track of what is currently being processed
*

TYPES OF MEMORY

ROM: Read Only Memory (preprogrammed) It is non-volatile. Initial start-up instructions are stored to perform start operations and transfer the control to the OS. ROM can have information written into it only one time. No electrical current is needed for information to remain stored in ROM

PROM: Program can be changed once EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light EEPROM: Electrically erasable
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ADDRESSES IN MEMORY

Each location is a REGISTER

Each location can hold data

101 201 102 202 103 203

301

302

303

MEMORY SIZE

KILOBYTE (KT): 210 bytes... 1024 bytes MEGABYTE (MB): 210 KB... million bytes GIGABYTE (GB): 210 MB... billion bytes TERABYTE (TB): 210 GB... trillion bytes *