Electricity

Prepared by Soumit Dey, Arinab Dev Roy Anubhav Mazumdar, Rishov Khan Sourav Dutta, Subhankar Das

Electric Charges
Matter is made of atoms, which in turn are made of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Electrons have a negative charge, and protons have a positive charge. Neutrons have no charge. Electrons can move from one atom to another, but protons cannot move . When an atom has gained electrons, it has more electrons than protons, and it is negatively charged. When an atom has lost electrons, it has more protons than electrons, and it is positively charged. Rule of Charge: Opposite charges attract, like charges repel.

Types of Circuits
A circuit in which the current must A circuit in which the current can pass through all of the resistors on travel through more than one path only one path is called a series is called a parallel circuit. circuit.

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Series Circuits
An electrical circuit with only one path for the electrical current to follow

Parallel Circuits
An electrical circuit that provides more than one path for the electrical current to follow.

Types of Current
There are two types of electric current--AC and DC current. When the electrons flow in only one direction, this is called direct current., or DC. Current from batteries is always direct current. When electrons first go in one direction, then reverse, then back again, this is called alternating current, or AC. Current from generating plants that powers our homes and businesses is alternating current.

Charge and Force

Electrons can be rubbed off of one object and onto another. The objects then get a static charge. When neutral objects are rubbed together and charges are rearranged, the objects get unlike charges, and they stick together. Like charges repel each other, and unlike charges attract each other. The area around a charge where you can feel force is called the electric field. The electric field is strongest when you are closest to the charge.

Charged balloon sticks to charged area of a wall.

Static Electricity
A neutral object can build up a Static electricity can be caused in static charge by gaining or 3ways: friction, conduction, or losing electrons. induction. An electroscope can be used to Charging by friction happens when tell detect a static charge. It objects rub together and electrons are cannot tell if the charge is transferred. positive or negative. Charging by conduction happens when a charged object touches another object and electrons are transferred. Charging by induction happens when a charged object is held close to another object and that causes charges to be rearranged.

What is Electricity?
- "Electricity" means electric charge. Examples: CHARGES OF ELECTRICITY. COULOMBS OF ELECTRICITY.
- "Electricity" refers to the flowing motion of electric charge. Examples: CURRENT ELECTRICITY. AMPERES OF ELECTRICITY.

- "Electricity" means electrical energy. Examples: PRICE OF ELECTRICITY. KILOWATT-HOURS OF ELECTRICITY.

- "Electricity" refers to the amount of imbalance between quantities of electrons and protons. Example: STATIC ELECTRICITY. - "Electricity" is a class of phenomena involving electric charges. Examples: BIOELECTRICITY, PIEZOELECTRICITY, TRIBOELECTRICITY, THERMOELECTRICITY, ATMOSPHERIC ELECTRICITY ...ETC.

Electricity?

Electricity is all about electrons, which are the fundamental cause of electricity

Static Electricity - involves electrons that are moved from one place to another, usually by rubbing or brushing
Current Electricity - involves the flow of electrons in a conductor

Quick Review of the Atom

Matter is made up of atoms Atoms are made of nucleons (called protons and neutrons) and electrons Protons have a positive charge, neutrons have no charge, electrons have a negative charge The charges of protons and electrons are equal and opposite

Atoms Are Everywhere

Electrons move in and out of fixed pathways around the

nucleus

Changing the number of electrons in a particular type of atom creates an ion of that atom

Conductors and Insulators

Materials through which electrons can move easily are good conductors. Most metals are good conductors because of their metallic bonds and their sea of electrons. Acids, sea water , and tap water are also good conductors of electricity. Distilled water does not conduct electricity. Materials through which electrons cannot move easily are called insulators. Electrons are tightly bound to the atoms of good insulators and cannot move around. Wood, ceramic, rubber, glass, and many plastics are good insulators. Charges can build up on the surface of good insulators, and stays there as a static charge.

Lightning!
During a storm, water and dust When a highly charged cloud is particles are rubbed together by over land, a charged area on the winds. Charges build up in the ground is produced by induction. clouds because of this friction. Charges are now separated! Charged areas touch other areas of Lightning is caused by the the clouds, and some charges are discharge (equalization) of these transferred within clouds by separate static electric charges. conduction.
- charge - charge + charge + charge

- charge

- charge

Electric Current
Electric current happens when electrons Electrochemical cells and flow through a wire or another thermocouples cause the conductor. voltage that makes electrons flow. For electricity to flow, you need a closed continuous path, called a circuit. There are two kinds of electrochemical cells---wet You also need a difference in charge cells such as a car battery from one end of the wire to the other that and dry cells like flashlight pushes the electrons. This is called batteries. potential difference or voltage.

Ohms Law
The push behind electrons in a Ohms Law relates the push behind circuit is called voltage. The letter V electric current to the number of stands for voltage. The unit for electrons flowing and to the resistance voltage is Volts (V). to their flow. The force opposing the flow of The rate of electrons flowing through electrons through a circuit is called a circuit is called current. The letter I resistance. The letter R stands for stands for current. Current is resistance. The unit for resistance is measured in electrons per second or the Ohm () Amperes or amps (A). Ohms Law says: I= V/R

V I R

Electric Power and Safety

Electric power and electric energy Be safe when using electricity! can be calculated using the Never remove the ground wire following formulas: from a plug. P = V I Power = (voltage)(current) Never overload circuits or E=Pt Energy = (power)(time) replace burned out fuses with pennies. This can cause a short P E circuit, which could start a fire. Never use electric appliances V I P t near water, because tap water is a conductor! Stay away from windows and electrical appliances during thunder storms.

Electricity and Magnetism

The science of electricity has its roots in observation, known in 600 BC that a rubbed piece of amber will attract a bit of straw Study of magnetism goes back to the observation that certain naturally occurring stones attract iron The two sciences were separate until 1820 when Hans Christian Oersted saw the connection between theman electric current in a wire will affect a compass needle

The Shocking History of Electricity

Around 600 BC Greeks found that by rubbing a hard fossilized resin (Amber) against a fur cloth, it would attract particles of straw. This strange effect remained a mystery for over 2000 years.

Two Thousand Years Later

Around 1600, William Gilbert, a physician who lived in London at the time of Queen Elizabeth I and Shakespeare, studied magnetic phenomena and demonstrated that the Earth itself was a huge magnet, by means of his "terrella" experiment. He also studied the attraction produced when materials were rubbed, and named it the "electric" attraction. From that came the word "electricity" and all others derived from it.

Birth of Electronics
During the 1800s it became evident that electric charge had a natural unit, which could not be subdivided any further, and in 1891 Johnstone Stoney proposed to name it "electron." When J.J. Thomson discovered the particle which carried that charge, the name "electron" was applied to it. He won the Nobel Prize in 1906 for his discovery.

Benjamin Franklin
In 1752, Franklin proved that lightning and the spark from amber were one and the same thing. This story is a familiar one, in which Franklin fastened an iron spike to a silken kite, which he flew during a thunderstorm, while holding the end of the kite string by an iron key. When lightening flashed, a tiny spark jumped from the key to his wrist. The experiment proved Franklin's theory, but was extremely dangerous - he could easily have been killed.

Galvani and Volta

In 1786, Luigi Galvani, an Italian professor of medicine, found that when the leg of a dead frog was touched by a metal knife, the leg twitched violently. Galvani thought that the muscles of the frog must contain electricity. By 1792, another Italian scientist, Alessandro Volta, disagreed: he realized that the main factors in Galvani's discovery were the two different metals the steel knife and the tin plate - upon which the frog was lying. Volta showed that when moisture comes between two different metals, electricity is created. This led him to invent the first electric battery, the voltaic pile, which he made from thin sheets of copper and zinc separated by moist pasteboard.

Voltacontinued

In this way, a new kind of electricity was discovered, electricity that flowed steadily like a current of water instead of discharging itself in a single spark or shock. Volta showed that electricity could be made to travel from one place to another by wire, thereby making an important contribution to the science of electricity. The unit of electrical potential, the Volt, is named after him.

Michael Faraday
The credit for generating electric current on a practical scale goes to the famous English scientist, Michael Faraday. Faraday was greatly interested in the invention of the electromagnet, but his brilliant mind took earlier experiments still further. If electricity could produce magnetism, why couldn't magnetism produce electricity?

Faraday.continued
In 1831, Faraday found the solution. Electricity could be produced through magnetism by motion. He discovered that when a magnet was moved inside a coil of copper wire, a tiny electric current flows through the wire. Of course, by today's standards, Faraday's electric generator was crude (and provided only a small electric current), but he had discovered the first method of generating electricity by means of motion in a magnetic field.

Electric Interaction at a Distance

Faraday also realized that the electric force is transmitted by a electric field.

Edison and Swan

Nearly 40 years went by before a really practical DC (Direct Current) generator was built by Thomas Edison. In 1878 Joseph Swan, a British scientist, invented the incandescent filament lamp and within twelve months Edison made a similar discovery in America.

Edison and Swancontinued

Swan and Edison later set up a joint company to produce the first practical filament lamp. Prior to this, electric lighting had been crude arc lamps.
Edison used his DC generator to provide electricity to light his laboratory and later to illuminate the first New York street to be lit by electric lamps, in September 1882. Edison's successes were not without controversy, however - although he was convinced of the merits of DC for generating electricity, other scientists in Europe and America recognized that DC brought major disadvantages.

Westinghouse and Tesla

Westinghouse was a famous American inventor and industrialist who purchased and developed Nikola Tesla's patented motor for generating alternating current. The work of Westinghouse and Tesla gradually persuaded Americans that the future lay with AC rather than DC (Adoption of AC generation enabled the transmission of large blocks of electrical, power using higher voltages via transformers, which would have been impossible otherwise). Today the unit of measurement for magnetic fields commemorates Tesla's name.

James Watt
When Edison's generator was coupled with Watt's steam engine, large scale electricity generation became a practical proposition. James Watt, the Scottish inventor of the steam condensing engine, was born in 1736. His improvements to steam engines were patented over a period of 15 years, starting in 1769 and his name was given to the electric unit of power, the Watt.

Andre Marie Ampere

Andre Marie Ampere, a French mathematician who devoted himself to the study of electricity and magnetism, was the first to explain the electro-dynamic theory. A permanent memorial to Ampere is the use of his name for the unit of electric current.

Ohm
George Simon Ohm, a German mathematician and physicist, was a college teacher in Cologne when in 1827 he published, "The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically". His theories were coldly received by German scientists, but his research was recognized in Britain and he was awarded the Copley Medal in 1841. His name has been given to the unit of electrical resistance.

Voltage = Current x Resistance

Electromagnetism

James Clerk Maxwell (1831 - 1879) developed the laws of electromagnetism in the form we know them today: Maxwells Equations Maxwells Equations are to electromagnetism what Newtons Laws are to gravity

Note: It was Maxwell who realized the light is electromagnetic in nature

On the Move

Electrons in the outer rings or shells of atoms are bound more loosely to the nucleus Such electrons tend to break free from the nucleus and wander around amongst other nearby atoms Such electrons are called free electrons

Current = Conduction
Such movement of these free electrons creates an electric current Materials with large numbers of free electrons are called electrical conductors. They conduct electrical current. Movement of the electrons physically from one place to another is slow. Transfer of the energy from one electron to another happens fast.

Conductors and Insulators

In conductors, electric charges are free to move through the material. In insulators, they are not. In conductors: The charge carriers are called free electrons Only negative charges are free to move When isolated atoms are combined to form a metal, outer electrons of the atoms do not remain attached to individual atoms but become free to move throughout the volume of the material

Other Types of Conductors

Electrolytes Both negative and positive charges can move Semiconductors In-between conductors and insulators in their ability to conduct electricity Conductivity can be greatly enhanced by adding small amounts of other elements Requires quantum physics to truly understand how they work

Simple Circuits
Dont let the name fool you Bottom line: For electric current to flow, there has to be a complete pathway for ita complete circuit.

Closed and Open Circuits

Closed Circuit - an unbroken path of conductors through which electric current flows

Open Circuit - a circuit with a break in the conductive path, so no current flows

Now, lets play Know Your Electrical Symbols!

Know Your Symbols

Battery or Power Supply
Resistor Capacitor Switch Conductive Wire