EEE3103 Circuits and Signals

Chapter 4
Circuit Theorems

PowerPoint Slides by Alex Chan

Chapter Outline
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Superposition Source Transformation Thevenins Theorem Nortons Theorem Maximum Power Transfer

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4.1

Superposition Theorem

Superposition is another approach introduced to determine the value of a specific variable (voltage or current) if the circuit has two or more independent sources. Definition: Superposition states that the voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltage across (or currents through) that element due to EACH independent source acting alone.

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4.1

Superposition Theorem

The principle of superposition helps us to analyze a linear circuit with more than one independent source by calculating the contribution of each independent source separately and then adding them up.

Example: We consider the effects of 8A and 20V one by one, then add the two effects together for final v0.

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4.1

Superposition Theorem

Steps to apply superposition theorem: 1. Turn off all independent sources except one source. Find the output (voltage or current) due to that active source using nodal or mesh analysis. 2. Repeat step 1 for each of the other independent sources. 3. Find the total contribution by adding algebraically all the contributions due to the independent sources.

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4.1

Superposition Theorem

Two things to keep in mind: 1. When we say turn off all other independent sources: Independent voltage sources are replaced by 0 V (short-circuit) and Independent current sources are replaced by 0 A (open-circuit). 2. Dependent sources are left intact because they are controlled by circuit variables.

PP 4.3 4.5

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4.2

Source Transformation

Source transformation is the process of replacing a voltage source Vs in series with a resistor R by a current source is in parallel with a resistor R, or vice versa.

vs is R

vs is R

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4.2

Source Transformation

Independent Source Transform

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4.2

Source Transformation

Dependent Source Transform

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4.2

Source Transformation

Two things to keep in mind: 1. During transformation, the arrow of current source is directed toward the positive terminal of voltage source. 2. Not possible when: R = 0 for voltage source. R = for current source.

PP 4.6 4.7

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4.3

Thevenins Theorem

In practice the load usually varies, while the source is fixed eg. Fixed household outlet terminal and different electrical appliances which constitute variable loads. Each time the load is changed, the entire circuit has to be analyzed all over again. To avoid this problem, Thevenins theorem provides a technique by which the fixed part of the circuit is replaced with an equivalent circuit.

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4.3

Thevenins Theorem

Thevenins theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source VTh in series with resistor RTh.

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4.3

Thevenins Theorem

Definitions: VTh = open-circuit voltage at the terminals. RTh = input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the independent sources are turned off. ie. Voltage sources = 0 V (short circuit) Current sources = 0 A (open circuit)

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4.3

Thevenins Theorem

How to find VTh:

Find the voltage across point a and b using any method in previous chapters (by taking out the load from the circuit).

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4.3

Thevenins Theorem

How to find RTh: Case 1: No dependent sources in the circuit

1. 2.

Turn off all independent sources. Find RTh by finding the equivalent resistance at point a and b.

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4.3

Thevenins Theorem

Case 2: Circuit has dependent sources.

1. 2. 3.

Turn off all independent sources. Leave dependent sources intact. Apply voltage source vo across a and b then find 0 0 = OR apply current source i0 and find = .
0 0
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4.3

Thevenins Theorem

Two things to keep in mind for Case 2:

1.

2.

Any value can be assumed for v0 and i0. (usually assumed v0 = 1V and i0 = 1A.) If RTh < 0, implied circuit is supplying power possible in circuits with dependent sources.

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4.3

Thevenins Theorem

Consider a linear circuit terminated by load RL.

Current IL through the load and voltage VL across the load is given by: V R

IL

Th

PP 4.8 4.10

RTh RL

VL RL I L

RTh RL

VTh

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4.4

Nortons Theorem

Nortons theorem states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source IN in parallel with resistor RN.

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4.4

Nortons Theorem

Definitions: IN = short-circuit current through the terminals.

RN = input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when the independent sources are turned off. ie. Voltage sources = 0 V (short circuit) Current sources = 0 A (open circuit)

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4.4

Nortons Theorem

Relation between Nortons and Thevenins Theorem The Thevenins and Norton equivalent circuits are related by a source transformation. In source transformation, the resistor does not change. Thus: =

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4.4

Nortons Theorem

How to find IN: 1. The short-circuit current flowing from terminal a to b is IN. Since the resistors, = :
2.

Dependent and independent sources are treated the same way as in Thevenins Theorem.

VTh IN RTh

PP 4.11 4.12

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4.5

Maximum Power Transfer

To find the maximum power that can be delivered to the load, from Thevenins equivalent circuit:

VTh P i RL RL RTh RL
2

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4.5

Maximum Power Transfer

By varying the load resistance RL, the power delivered will also vary, as per the graph.

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4.5

Maximum Power Transfer

Maximum power is transferred to the load when the load resistance equals the Thevenin resistance, as seen from the load.

PP 4.13

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References
Alexander & Sadiku, Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill Company.

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