INTRODUCTION PDH & SDH

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Agenda

Pre SDH (PDH) SDH The SDH Frame Frame Structure

Overhead and Payload Analysis Tributary Units SDH Network Protection

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Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

2 Mbps 2 Mbps

8 Mbps

8 Mbps

34 Mbps

34 Mbps

140 Mbps

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Multiplexing hierarchy

The PDH high capacity transmission networks are based on a hierarchy of digital multiplexed signals: E.1 to E.4. The basic building block is the primary rate of 2.048 Mb/s (E.1). This could be made up of 30 x 64 Kb/s voice channels. This would then be multiplexed up to a higher rate for high capacity transmisson.
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Four signals at the primary rate can be multiplexed up to the secondary rate, E.2, of 8.448 Mb/s and so on up to a rate of 139 Mb/s (E.4). Thus the 139 Mb/s rate represents 64 x 2.048 Mb/s signals and 1920 multiplexed voice channels.

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Developing networks

The plesynchronous multiplexing technology, often called PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy), left no room in the signal structures for network management and maintenance functions. We are therefore left with no spare signal capacity to provide improvements in the signal transmission.
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As networks developed inter-connection became increasingly complex. It required banks of multiplexers and large, unreliable distribution frames. It became clear that the original standards, designed for point-to-point links, were just not suitable.

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Tributary access

We want to have easy access to an individual tributary, in order that it may be re-routed. We cannot do this without having to demultiplex the whole signal down to the required tributary level. Costs go up as we demultiplex, and they then double because we have to remultiplex the signal back up again.
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No commont standard

Before SDH there were no standards to ensure that equipment from different vendors interworked on the same system. Vendors can have their own unique designs which means we have to buy the same vendors equipment for both ends of the line. Ideally we would like to shop around for the most suitable equipment, without having to keep to the same supplier.
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What we need

Network operating companies have to provide faster, cost effective provisioning of customer circuits and services, as well as control of transmission bandwidth.

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SDH Definition

SDH is a standard for high speed high capacity optical telecommunication networks ; more spesifically a synchronous digital hierarchy. It is a synchronous digital transport system aimed at providing a more simple, economic and flexible telecommunications network infrastructure.
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Advantages of SDH

Designed for cost effective, flexible telecoms networking based on direct synchronous multiplexing. Provides built-in signal capacity for advanced network management and maintenance capabilities.

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Provides flexible signal transportation capabilities designed for existing and future signals. Allows a single telecommunication network infrastructure interconnects network equipment from different vendors

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Where is SDH used ?

SDH can be used in all of the traditional network application areas. A single SDH network infrastructure is therefore possible which provides an efficient direct interconnection between the three major telecommunication networks.

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Notes on SDH rates

The most common SDH line rates in use today are 155.52 Mbps, 622.08 Mbps, 2.5 Gbps, 10 Gbps. SDH is a structure that is designed for the future, ensuring that higher line rates can be added when required.

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SDH signal structure

The SDH signal is transported as a synchronous structure which comprises a set of 8-bit bytes organised into a two dimensional frame. The Truck analogy is a popular way to help us understand the contents of the SDH frame.

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SDH FRAME STRUCTURE

TRUCK ANALOGY

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SDH FRAME STRUCTURE

TRUCK ANALOGY contd.
Regenerator Section OverHead

Section Overhead

Virtual Container

Multiplexer Section OverHead

Payload Payload OverHead

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The Payload

The contents of the container carried by the truck represent the real value. This Payload is analogous to customer traffic, being carried by the container within an SDH frame. This Payload container supports the transportation of spesific tributary signals.
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The Section Overhead

What actually gets the contentsof the truck to its destination is the tractor unit. This analogous to the network maintenance and management capability carried by the SDH frame, known as its Section OverHead, or SOH.

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The Section Overhead (SOH) provides facilities that are required to support and maintain the transportation of customer traffic Safely across the network. THE SOH is split into Multiplexer Section Overhead (MSOH) and Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH).

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The Virtual Container

Even if the container is loaded on to a different truck, there is a portion of overhead that always remains with it. This is known as the Path OverHead, or POH. The Path Overhead is directly associated with the payload capacity area, and together they form whats known as the Virtual Container.
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SDH FRAME STRUCTURE

STM-N FRAME STRUCTURE 270 x N Columns

9 Rows

= 8 bits/byte

261 x N Columns
9 x N Columns
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SDH FRAME STRUCTURE

signal frame transmission

The principle for SDH signal frame transmission is: the bytes (8-bit) within the frame structure is transmitted byte-by-byte (bit-by-bit) from left to right and from top to bottom. After one row is transmitted, the next row will follow. After one frame is completed, the next frame will start

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SDH FRAME STRUCTURE

SDH Rate

ITU-T defines the frequency to be 8000 frames per second for all levels in STM hierarchy

STM-1 Rate : 9 rows x 270 columns x 8 bits/byte x 8000 frames per second

= 155.52 Mb/s
STM-4 Rate : 9 rows x (270 x 4) columns x 8 bits/byte x 8000 frames per second = 622 Mb/s

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OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
SDH

SDH TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER SDH DIGITAL X-CONNECT

SDH TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER

MSOH

RSOH POH

MSOH RSOH

RSOH

Multiplexer Section Path Regenerator Section

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OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
PATH OVERHEAD Path Trace message Parity check VC structure Alarm & performance info User channel

Multiframe indication for TUs

Path protection switching

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OVERHEAD ANALYSIS
PATH OVERHEAD
1 J1 B3 C2 G1 F2 H4 F3 K3 N1 261 1
contd.

11

VC4

J1 : Path Trace byte

B3: Path BIP8 Code H4: TU position indicator byte C2: Signal label byte G1: Path status byte F2, F3: Path user channels bytes
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K3: Spare byte

N1: Network operator byte

SDH Multiplexing Structure

1 STM-64 1 STM-16 1 STM-4 1 STM-1 AUG-64 4 AUG-16 4 Pointer processing Mapping Aligning Multiplexing

AUG-4
4 AUG-1 1 AU-4 3 VC-4 C-4 139264 kbit/s

1 TUG-3

TU-3

VC-3

C-3

34368 kbit/s

7 TUG-2

Go to glossary

TU-12

VC-12

C-12

2048 kbit/s

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SDH Tributary Multiplexing (34M)

34 Mbit/s to STM-N C3 1 1 34M VC3 1 P O H 125s 85 Next page 9 Mapping 1

Rate Adaptation

Add POH

9 Packing
1 125s 84

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SDH Tributary Multiplexing (34M)

TU-3 1 1 1 H1 H2 H3 Fill gap R 9 Aligning Stuffing 9 9 Multiplexing Same as for C4 3 TUG-3 86 1 VC-4 261 1 H1 H2 H3 1st align 86 1 3

P O R R H

Multiplexing route: 1X34M 1XTU-3 3XTUG-3 1XAU-4---One STM-1 can load three 34Mbit/s signals

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SDH Tributary Multiplexing (2M)

2 Mbit/s to STM-N C12 1 4 1 2M Rate Adaptation Add POH POH 1 VC12 4 1 Add Pointer 1 TU12 4 1 Next page

9
Packing 125s Mapping

9
Aligning

9
TU-PTR

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SDH Tributary Multiplexing (2M)

TUG-2 1 12 1 3 9 Multiplexing Multiplexing 7 R R 1 TUG-3 86 1

9 Same as for C3

Multiplexing route: 1X2M 3XTU12 7XTUG-2 3XTUG-3 1XSTM-1--- One STM-1 can load 3X7X3 = 63X2M Signals Multiplexing structure: 3-7-3 structure

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The traffic shares the same equipment and link

SDH Network protection

Bidirectional Traffic

Unidirectional Traffic

Traffic flow direction along the ring Clockwise or counterclockwis

A

Traffic flow direction along the ring

a) Uniformly routed Clockwise and counter-clockwise

The traffic shares the same equipment and link

The traffic is on different equipment and links

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a) Uniformly routed
T1516670-94

b) Diversely routed

Difference between Path and Multiplex Section

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1+1 Linear MS Protection

Protection mechanism of 1+1linear MS protection system:

Concurrent sending is permanent bridging Selective receiving is switching

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1:N Linear MS Protection

Structure of 1:N Linear MS Protection

A
P r o t e c t i o n s e c t i o n ( T r a n s m i t ) P r o t e c t i o n s e c t i o n ( R e c e i v e ) W o r k i n g s e c t i o n 1 ( T r a n s m i t ) W o r k i n g s e c t i o n 1 ( R e c e i v e ) W o r k i n g s e c t i o n 2 ( T r a n s m i t ) W o r k i n g s e c t i o n 2 ( R e c e i v e ) W o r k i n g s e c t i o n N ( T r a n s m i t ) W o r k i n g s e c t i o n N ( R e c e i v e )

S e l e c t o r B r i d g i n g

S e l e c t o r B r i d g i n g
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1:1 Linear MS Protection

Protection mechanism of 1:1 linear MS protection system:

Traffic flow after protection switching

W o r k i n g

s w i t c h

s w i t c h P r o t e c t i o n T U t r a f f i c T U t r a f f i c

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Two-fiber uni-directional path protection ring

Protection switching mechanism: Switching criteria Transmission quality of each individual channel Usually TU-AIS, TU-LOP alarms
S1

P1

A D C

switch
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Two-fiber bidirectional Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring

Traffic flow when network is broken: Working channels=1-N/2 AU4 Protection channesl=N/2-N AU4

Protection channels Working channels

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Two-fiber bidirectional Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring

APS controller: Transition of APS controller status:

APS Controller Status S Switching P Pass-through I Idle WTR Wait to Restore I I I

WT R

WTR

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Four-fiber bidirectional Multiplex Section Shared Protection Ring

Structure: Four fibers Working channels--S1,S2, carry normal traffic Protection channels--P1,P2, protect normal traffic

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SubNetwork Connection Protection

Description:

Protection one SubNetwork Connection Can be adapted to all networks

W o r k i n g S N C

1 2 3
S u b n e t w o r k 1
S N C S t a r t i n g N o d e

S N C T e r m i n a t i o n N o d e
S e l e c t o r

N E A

P r o t e c t i o n S N C

N E B S u b n e t w o r k 2
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1 2 3

SubNetwork Connection Protection

Normal condition for unidirectional SNCP:

Concurrent sending (transmit end) Selective receiving (receive end)

Protection Protection

Working

Working

Switch

Bridge
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Traffic out

Traffic in

SubNetwork Connection Protection

Traffic out Traffic in

Switch

Bridge

Failure in working channels for unidirectional SNCP: Concurrent sending (transmit end) Selective receiving (receive end)
Protection Protection

a) Normal condition Transmitted traffic bridged a) to working and protection paths a) Received traffic switch selects working channel

Working Failure Switch

Working

Bridge

Traffic out

Traffic in
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b) Failure in working channel of incoming traffic a) Receiver switch selects protection path

SubNetwork Connection Protection

Protection Restoration: Restoration time - 10 minutes (5-12 minutes)

S1

S1

P1

A D C

P1

A D C

switch

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On Job Training, July 2006 PT Indonesia Comnets Plus