Dr.

Roshan Suminda Ranasinghe

Northshore College of Business & Technology

23rd January 2013

SECTION A: fundamentals
1. Statics: General properties of fluids, hydrostatic pressure, buoyancy, pressures and measurement, forces on submerged surfaces, stability of floating bodies. 2. Basic Concepts of Fluid Motion: Flow of water, types of flow, stream lines, flow nets, drag. 3. Two Dimensional Inviscid Flow: Conservation equations, continuity, Euler and Bernouilli equations, kinematics of fluid motion, velocity, acceleration, streamlines, streamtubes, particle paths, definition of rotational and irrotational flow. 4. Dynamics: Laminar and turbulent flows, Reynold's number, fluid acceleration, energy equation, momentum equation, flow around a cylinder, pressure distribution, flow around aerofoils and vanes. 5. An introduction to Viscous Flow. 6. An introduction to Particle Mechanics.

SECTIONB: Applications
1. Steady Flow in Pipes: The Darcy-Weisbach formula, relationship between friction factor, Reynolds number and relative roughness. The design of complete pipe systems involving energy changes as well as friction losses, analysis of pipe networks, iterative solutions. Steady Flows in Open Channels: The use and limitations of power formulae (Chezy, Manning), uniform flow, conservation equations of energy and force/momentum for non uniform flow, the hydraulic jump, flow through flumes and over weirs. Dimensional Analysis: principles, dimensionless groups, economy in presentation of data, dynamic similarity, experimental verification. Selection of Criteria: Parameters and scales for models of rivers, coasts, harbours and hydraulic structures. Unsteady Pipe Flow: Compressibility waves, water hammer, surge tanks. Machines: The use and characteristics of roto-dynamic pumps and turbines, pump loads.

2.

3. 4. 5. 6.

By the time you have completed this module you should be able to : 1. Explain basic concepts of fluid flow. 2. Derive logical equations for fluid flow. 3. Calculate pressures and loads imposed by static and moving fluids. 4. Discuss the use of model testing to predict prototype behaviour. 5. Recognise the limitations of design methods and CAD software. 6. Design pipe and open channel systems. 7. Determine water levels and flows in channels. 8. Assess water resources and river flows qualitatively. 9. Apply standard design methods and computer software.

Lectures: Lab: Feedback sessions: Directed learning: Self-directed learning: Summative Assessment: Total study hours:

33 hours (22 sessions of 1.5 hours) 18 hours (06 classes) 18 hours (06 sessions of 3 hours) 30 hours (06 worksheets of 5 hours) 80 hours (reading, revising, extra time on worksheets) 21 hours

200 hours = 20 credits

Formative
06 worksheets

Summative
COMPONENT WEIGHTING 70% DATE August 2013

A: Examination (3hr) B: Coursework (lab experiments)

30%

Lecture 1: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

What is a Fluid?

A fluid is a substance, which deforms continuously under the action of shearing A solid undergoes definite forces. displacement (or breaks
completely) when subjected to 9 shearing forces

Shear stress, F A

Experiments show that when other quantities are held constant, F is directly proportional to A and to the velocity gradient, u/y. Thus: F A u FA u y F y
The ratio u/y, may also be expressed as du/dy. Thus: du dy

10

Variation of shear stress with velocity gradient.

11

12

1. Density

m V
2. Viscosity

du dy
Dynamic viscosity coefficient =

Kinematic viscosity coefficient =

13

3. Surface Tension
The force due to internal pressure =

p.r 2

Force due to surface tension around perimeter = For equilibrium,=

.2r

pr 2 .2r p 2 / r

. g Weight of fluid column raised/lowered = r H

2

4. Capillarity

Upward pull due to surface tension = For equilibrium ,

cos.2r
H 2 cos / gr
14

cos .2r r 2 Hg
Capillary rise,