PHARMACOTOXICOLOGY (Block of CHEM I)

Eman Sutrisna Departement of Pharmacology and Therapy Medical School Unsoed

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Student able to explain : Definition and field of pharmacotoxicology Various of Pollutant Method of poisoning Prevention of poisoning The principles of poisoning management process.

TOXICOLOGY

The study of poisoning and the harmful effect of chemicals on the living organism

THE FIELD OF TOXICOLOGY

Descriptive or experimental toxicology Mechanistic toxicology Regulatory toxicology Forensic toxicology Enviromental toxicology Occupational toxicology Clinical toxicology

Environmental Toxicology The study pollutant on wildlife and its hurmful consequences on our ecosystem Duffus (1980): the study of the effects of toxic substances occurring in both natural and man-made environments Landis and Yu (1995): the study of the impacts of pollutants upon the structure and function of ecological systems (from molecular to ecosystem)

Occupational Toxicology The specialized study of chemicals and how it effects workers in the industrial or other workplace setting.

Ecotoxicology Truhaut (1977): the branch of toxicology concerned with the study of toxic effects, caused by natural and synthetic pollutants, to the constituents of ecosystems, animals (including human), vegetable and microbial, in an integrated context Moriarty (1983): the natural extension from toxicology, the science of poisons on individual organisms, to the ecological effects of pollutants Levin et al. (1989): the science that seeks to predict the impacts of chemicals upon ecosystems

VARIOUS TOXICANTS

Chemical

Agricultural Pesticides Natural toxicants

Industrial Household

Heavy metal

Mushrooms Plant toxin Snake/insect toxin Marine toxin Pb Mercury Arsen Cadmium Iron

Heavy Metals

Wide dispersion Tendency to accumulate Ability to do damage/be toxic at low levels

Heavy Metals

GLOBAL CONCERNS AND LOCAL TOXIC HAZARDS WASTE

lead, Mercury Arsenic Cadmium

Heavy Metals

Routes of Exposure:

Food Inhaled

Heavy Metals
LEAD most studied Sources: Lead organic compounds such as motor vehicle fuel Batteries (MV) Pigments, glazes, solder, plastics root vegetables water with low pH ceramic glazes,

Heavy Metals
MERCURY Sources: thermometers, dental amalgams, batteries must stay below 40 ug/L workers

Exposure: -If left standing or aerosolized it is taken into lungs -Dispersed through waste incineration -soil and water deposits; converted into methyl mercury by microorganisms then bio-concentrated up the food chain (fish, tuna, mackerel)

Heavy Metals
ARSENIC Sources: earths crust, smelting industry, wood preservatives, pesticides, paints, fossil fuel combustion, folk remedies, wells Exposure: toxic and carcinogenic. Scientists are debating safe exposure standards

Human Health and Heavy Metals

CADMIUM: Source: toxicity is relatively uncommon but exposure causes distinctive clinical syndromes Exposure: Industries dealing with pigment, metal plating, plastics, batteries Cadmium pollution introduces cadmium into sewage sludge, fertilizers and groundwater resulting in contamination in foodstuffs, grains, cereals and leafy vegetables -cigarette smoking

HISTORIC : Heavy Metal Poisoning

Two horrible epidemics from contaminated food had occurred in Japan.

1950s, organic mercury was transferred through the marine foodweb to poison hundreds of people. Nearly a thousand people fell victim to Minamata Disease before Chisso Corporation halted discharge_of_mercury into Minamata Bay. From 1940 to 1960, Japanese in the Toyama Prefecture were poisoned by cadmium in their rice. This itai-itai disease was linked to irrigation water contaminated from metal mine wastes. itai-itai, reflects the extreme joint pain associated with the disease

PREVENTION OF POISONING

Avoid the exposure Education about chemical hazard and risk situation with chemical Information about poison management

METHOD OF POISONING

Natural exposure Accidental Suicidal Substance abuse/drug misused Chemical disaster (mass poisoning)

THE PRINCIPLES IN MANAGEMENT OF POISONING

Treat the patient and not the poison Clinical history taking Live-saving measures

Stands for provision of airway Stands for breathing and ventilation Stands for circulation support Stands for drugs-induced depression Stnds for electrolyte and metabolic abnormalities and their correction

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