Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Science of Lighting
Electric Lamp
Gas Lamp
Wick lamp
Car
Steam Wagon
Horse Cart
Steamer
Steam Engine Ship
Human being has ability to provide power, set LIMITS to the rate of growth of Civilization.
The Boiler
Boilers are accepted equipment of everyday life. A prime device which connects natural resources and human-made facilities. A fire A furnace. A boiler .. A Steam generator.
Establishment of the first and second laws of thermodynamics by Clausius, Kelvin et al., occurred in 1855!!!
the greater the simplicity of its premises is, the more different kinds of things it relates, and the more extended is its area of applicability. Therefore, the deep impression which Classical Thermodynamics made upon me. It is only physical theory of universal content concerning which I am convinced that , Within the framework of the applicability of its basic concepts, it will never be overthrown.
NO
Technology Vs Power
A Progressive development towards perfection!!!!!!! A Quick Tour from Zero DOF to 4 DOF Technology !!!!!!
Fire is a discovery rather than an invention. Homo erectus probably discovered fire by accident. Fire was most likely given to man as a 'gift from the heavens' when a bolt of lightning struck a tree or a bush, suddenly starting it on fire. The flaming touch and the campfire probably constituted early man's first use of 'artificial' lighting. As early as 400,000 BC, fire was kindled in the caves of Peking man. Prehistoric man, used primitive lamps to illuminate his cave. Various Oils were used as fuels.
The Aelopile
In 130BC. Hero, a Greek mathematician and scientist is credited with inventing the first practical application of steam power, the aelopile.
Newcomen Engine
d e a b f
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Steam Theory
Within the boiler, fuel and air are force into the furnace by the burner. There, it burns to produce heat. From there, the heat (flue gases) travel throughout the boiler. The water absorbs the heat, and eventually absorb enough to change into a gaseous state steam. To the left is the basic theoretical design of a modern boiler. Boiler makers have developed various designs to squeeze the most energy out of fuel and to maximized its transfer to the water.
Water enters the boiler, preheated, at the top. The hot water naturally circulates through the tubes down to the lower area where it is hot. The water heats up and flows back to the steam drum where the steam collects. Not all the water gets turn to steam, so the process starts again. Water keeps on circulating until it becomes steam. Meanwhile, the control system is taking the temperature of the steam drum, along with numerous other readings, to determine if it should keep the burner burning, or shut it down. As well, sensors control the amount of water entering the boiler, this water is know as feedwater. Feedwater is not our regular drinking water. It is treated with chemicals to neutralize various minerals in the water, which untreated, would cling to the tubes clogging or worst, rusting them. This would make the boiler expensive to operate because it would not be very efficient.
On the fire side of the boiler, carbon deposit resulting from improper combustion or impurities in the fuel can accumulate on the outer surface of the water tube. This creates an insulation which quickly decrease the energy transfer from the heat to the water. To remedy this problem the engineer will carry out soot blowing. At a specified time the engineer uses a long tool and insert it into the fire side of the boiler. This device, which looks like a lance, has a tip at the end which "blows" steam. This blowing action of the steam "scrubs" the outside of the water tubes, cleaning the carbon build up. Water tube boilers can have pressures from 7 bar to as high as 250 bar. The steam temperature's can vary between saturated steam, 100 degrees Celsius steam with particle of water, or be as high as 600 650 degrees Celsius, know as superheated steam or dry steam The performance of boiler is generally referred to as tons of steam produced in one hour. In water tube boilers that could be as low as 1.5 t/hr to as high as 2500 t/hr.
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Superheated steam outlet Superheater A bank of tubes, in the exhaust gas duct after the boiler, used to heat the steam above the saturation temperature. Superheater Headers Distribution and collecting boxes for the superheater tubes. WaterDrum Burner Waterwall Header Distribution box for waterwall and downcomers. Foting Waterwall Tubes welded together to form a wall. Waterwall Header Distribution box for waterwall and downcomers.
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Back side waterwall Boiler hood Waterwall Header Collecting box for waterwall and risers. Riser Tubes in which steam is generated due to high convection or radiant heat. The water-steam emulsion rises in these tubes toward the steamdrum. Downcomer A tube through which water flows downward. These tubes are normally not heated, and the boiler water flows through them to supply the generating tubes. SteamDrum Separates the steam from the water. Economizer Header Distribution box for the economizer tubes.
Blue: the downcomers lead the water from the steam drum to the water drum and the waterwalls headers. Red and blue: the evaporation tubes and the water walls lead the water and steam emulsion back to the steam drum. Red: the steam passes through the superheater before it leaves the boiler for the consumers
One large V2M8 boiler is installed in a ship at a shipyard and one other boiler is still suspended in the crane-hook. When the boilers are placed and secured then the engine room will be built around them.
The thermal design ensures a modest volume of steam relative to the size of the heater, and allows unlimited thermal expansion due to the high temperatures. Beside the standard execution the steam generators can be delivered in following variations: Electrical heated, including EX-design if required Material in stainless steel Complete skid-mounted with tanks and pretreatment equipment.
Classification of Boilers
Packaged Boilers : Small in capacity. Preassembled units. Shell type or watertube Shell type: Domestic hot water boilers are most common example. Low Thermal efficiency 50 -- 65%. Water-tube Type: Packaged water-tube boilers are built incapacity up to 25 kg/s Pressure up to 73 bar and temperature up to 440 C. furnace operates under positive pressure. Designed for compactness. Operated with a very high volumetric heat release rate. Marine or Naval Boilers : Extremely compact. Built to maximize the power-to-weight and power-to-volume ratio. High heat release rates: up to 10 MW per cubic meter in Naval vessels and up to 1 Mw per cubic meter in merchant vessels. Generally oil fired. Modern ships using diesel engine or gas turbine power use a waste heat recovery boiler or auxiliary pakage boiler.
Solid Waste Fired Boilers Biomass Fired Boilers Waste Heat Recovery Boilers. Nuclear Steam Generators.
Classification of Boilers
MECHANICAL DESIGN
Boiler. Furnace. Turbine. Super Heater & Re- Heater. PA,FD & ID Fan. Cooling Tower
4.ASH HANDLING
HR H BOILER DRUM SH
COAL FURNACE GENERATOR
PA FAN MILL
CRH RH
ECONOMISOR CONDENSOR
1 2 HP T IPT
DEARATOR
3
4 5 6
LP T CEP
OIL DRAFT
LPH BF P
APH
TO PA FANS
CHIMNEY
STEAM FLOW
S.HEATER
H.P
I.P
L.P
R.H.
condens er
WATER FLOW
B O I L E R STEAM
C O N D E N S E R COOLING
HOT WATER
TOWER
PLANT
D.M.
ECONOMIZER
COOL WATER
B.F.P
TURBINES AUXILIARIES
VACUUM SYSTEM:-
ECONOMIZER
SUPER HEATERS REHEATERS