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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY

Chapter 25

Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry

Nuclear chemistry is the study of the structure of and the they undergo.

Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions


Chemical Reactions Nuclear Reactions

Occur when bonds Occur when nuclei are broken emit particles and/or rays

Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions


Chemical Reactions Occur when bonds are broken Nuclear Reactions Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays

Atoms remain unchanged, although they may be rearranged

Atoms often converted into atoms of another element

Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions


Chemical Reactions Occur when bonds are broken Atoms remain unchanged, although they may be rearranged Nuclear Reactions Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays Atoms often converted into atoms of another element

Involve only valence electrons

May involve protons, neutrons, and electrons

Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions


Chemical Reactions Occur when bonds are broken Nuclear Reactions Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays

Atoms remain unchanged, although they may be rearranged


Involve only valence electrons

Atoms often converted into atoms of another element


May involve protons, neutrons, and electrons

Associated with small energy changes

Associated with large energy changes

Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions


Chemical Reactions Occur when bonds are broken Atoms remain unchanged, although they may be rearranged Involve only valence electrons Associated with small energy changes Nuclear Reactions Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays Atoms often converted into atoms of another element May involve protons, neutrons, and electrons Associated with large energy changes

Reaction rate influenced by temperature, particle size, concentration, etc.

Reaction rate is not influenced by temperature, particle size, concentration, etc.

The Discovery of Radioactivity (1895 1898):

found that invisible rays were emitted when electrons bombarded the surface of certain materials. Becquerel accidently discovered that phosphorescent salts produced spontaneous emissions that darkened photographic plates

The Discovery of Radioactivity (1895 1898):

isolated the components ( atoms) emitting the rays process by which particles give off the penetrating rays and particles by a radioactive source

The Discovery of Radioactivity (1895 1898):

identified 2 new elements, and on the basis of their radioactivity These findings Daltons theory of indivisible atoms.

The Discovery of Radioactivity (1895 1898):

atoms of the element with different numbers of isotopes of atoms with nuclei (too / neutrons) when unstable nuclei energy by emitting to attain more atomic configurations ( process)

Alpha radiation

Composition Alpha particles, same as helium 4 nuclei 2 Symbol Helium nuclei, He, Charge 2+ Mass (amu) 4 Approximate energy 5 MeV Penetrating power low (0.05 mm body tissue) Shielding paper, clothing

Beta radiation

Composition Beta particles, same as an electron Symbol e-, Charge 1Mass (amu) 1/1837 (practically 0) Approximate energy 0.05 1 MeV Penetrating power moderate (4 mm body tissue) Shielding metal foil

Gamma radiation

Composition High-energy electromagnetic radiation Symbol Charge 0 Mass (amu) 0 Approximate energy 1 MeV Penetrating power high (penetrates body easily) Shielding lead, concrete

Review of Atomic Structure


Nucleus Electrons

99.9% of the mass 0.01% of the mass 1/10,000 the size of the atom

Review of Atomic Structure


Nucleus 99.9% of the mass 1/10,000 the size of the atom Electrons 0.01% of the mass

Composed of protons (p+) and neutrons (n0)

Composed of electrons (e-)

Review of Atomic Structure


Nucleus 99.9% of the mass 1/10,000 the size of the atom Composed of protons (p+) and neutrons (n0) Electrons 0.01% of the mass Composed of electrons (e-)

Positively charged

Negatively charged

Review of Atomic Structure


Nucleus 99.9% of the mass 1/10,000 the size of the atom Composed of protons (p+) and neutrons (n0) Positively charged Electrons 0.01% of the mass Composed of electrons (e-) Negatively charged

Strong nuclear force (holds the nucleus together)

Weak electrostatic force (because they are charged negatively

Chemical Symbols

A chemical symbol looks like


14 6

C
, subtract

To find the number of the from the

Nuclear Stability

Isotope is completely stable if the nucleus will spontaneously . Elements with atomic #s to are . ratio of protons:neutrons ( ) Example: Carbon 12 has protons and neutrons

Nuclear Stability

Elements with atomic #s

to are . ratio of protons:neutrons (p+ : n0) Example: Mercury 200 has protons and neutrons

Nuclear Stability
Elements with atomic #s and . Examples:

are and

Alpha Decay

Alpha decay emission of an alpha particle ( 4 ), denoted by the symbol , because an 2 has 2 protons and 2 neutrons, just like the He nucleus. Charge is because of the 2 . Alpha decay causes the number to decrease by and the number to decrease by . determines the element. All nuclear equations are .

Alpha Decay
Example 1: Write the nuclear equation for the radioactive decay of polonium 210 by alpha emission. Step 1: Write the element that you are starting with. Step 2: Draw the arrow. Mass #

Atomic # Step 3: Write the alpha particle. Step 4: Determine the other product (ensuring everything is balanced).

Alpha Decay

Example 2: Write the nuclear equation for the radioactive decay of radium 226 by alpha emission.

Mass #

Atomic #

Beta decay

Beta decay emission of a beta particle ( ), a fast moving , denoted by the 0 symbol or . has -1 insignificant mass ( ) and the charge is because its an . Beta decay causes change in number and causes the number to increase by .

Beta Decay

Example 1: Write the nuclear equation for the radioactive decay of carbon 14 by beta emission.

Mass #

Atomic #

Beta Decay

Example 2: Write the nuclear equation for the radioactive decay of zirconium 97 by beta decay.

Mass #

Atomic #

Gamma decay
Gamma rays high-energy radiation, denoted by the symbol . has no mass ( ) and no charge ( ). Thus, it causes change in or numbers. Gamma rays almost accompany alpha and beta radiation. However, since there is effect on mass number or atomic number, they are usually from nuclear equations.

Transmutation

the of one atom of one element to an atom of a different element ( decay is one way that this occurs!)

Review
Type of Particle Change Change Radioacti Emitted in Mass # in Atomic ve Decay # 4 2He Alpha -4 -2 0 Beta 0 +1 -1e Gamma 0 0

Half-Life

is the required for of a radioisotopes nuclei to decay into its products. For any # ofradioisotope, lives % Remaining
0 1 2 100% 50% 25%

3 4 5 6

12.5% 6.25% 3.125% 1.5625%

Half-Life
Half-Life
100 90

80
70

% Remaining

60 50

40
30 20 10 0

# of Half-Lives

Half-Life

For example, suppose you have 10.0 grams of strontium 90, which has a half life of 29 years. How much will be remaining after x number of years? # of lives Time (Years) Amount Remaining (g) You can use a table: 0 0 10

1 2 3 4

29 58 87 116

5 2.5 1.25 0.625

Half-Life

Or an equation!

Half-Life

Example 1: If gallium 68 has a half-life of 68.3 minutes, how much of a 160.0 mg sample is left after 1 half life? ________ 2 half lives? __________ 3 half lives? __________

Half-Life

Example 2: Cobalt 60, with a half-life of 5 years, is used in cancer radiation treatments. If a hospital purchases a supply of 30.0 g, how much would be left after 15 years? ______________

Half-Life

Example 3: Iron-59 is used in medicine to diagnose blood circulation disorders. The halflife of iron-59 is 44.5 days. How much of a 2.000 mg sample will remain after 133.5 days? ______________

Half-Life

Example 4: The half-life of polonium-218 is 3.0 minutes. If you start with 20.0 g, how long will it take before only 1.25 g remains? ______________

Half-Life

Example 5: A sample initially contains 150.0 mg of radon-222. After 11.4 days, the sample contains 18.75 mg of radon-222. Calculate the half-life.

Nuclear Reactions

Characteristics: Isotopes of one element are into isotopes of another element Contents of the change amounts of are released

Types of Nuclear Reactions

decay alpha and beta particles and gamma ray emission Nuclear - emission of a or

Nuclear Fission

of a nucleus - Very heavy nucleus is split into approximately fragments reaction releases several neutrons which more nuclei - If controlled, energy is released (like in ) Reaction control depends on reducing the of the neutrons (increases the reaction rate) and extra neutrons ( creases the reaction rate).

Nuclear Fission

- 1st controlled nuclear reaction in December 1942. 1st uncontrolled nuclear explosion occurred July 1945. - Examples atomic bomb, current nuclear power plants

Nuclear Fusion

of a nuclei - Two nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus - Does not occur under standard conditions ( repels ) - Advantages compared to fission , - Disadvantages - requires amount of energy to , difficult to - Examples energy output of stars, hydrogen

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