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Chapter 25
Nuclear chemistry is the study of the structure of and the they undergo.
Occur when bonds Occur when nuclei are broken emit particles and/or rays
found that invisible rays were emitted when electrons bombarded the surface of certain materials. Becquerel accidently discovered that phosphorescent salts produced spontaneous emissions that darkened photographic plates
isolated the components ( atoms) emitting the rays process by which particles give off the penetrating rays and particles by a radioactive source
identified 2 new elements, and on the basis of their radioactivity These findings Daltons theory of indivisible atoms.
atoms of the element with different numbers of isotopes of atoms with nuclei (too / neutrons) when unstable nuclei energy by emitting to attain more atomic configurations ( process)
Alpha radiation
Composition Alpha particles, same as helium 4 nuclei 2 Symbol Helium nuclei, He, Charge 2+ Mass (amu) 4 Approximate energy 5 MeV Penetrating power low (0.05 mm body tissue) Shielding paper, clothing
Beta radiation
Composition Beta particles, same as an electron Symbol e-, Charge 1Mass (amu) 1/1837 (practically 0) Approximate energy 0.05 1 MeV Penetrating power moderate (4 mm body tissue) Shielding metal foil
Gamma radiation
Composition High-energy electromagnetic radiation Symbol Charge 0 Mass (amu) 0 Approximate energy 1 MeV Penetrating power high (penetrates body easily) Shielding lead, concrete
99.9% of the mass 0.01% of the mass 1/10,000 the size of the atom
Positively charged
Negatively charged
Chemical Symbols
C
, subtract
Nuclear Stability
Isotope is completely stable if the nucleus will spontaneously . Elements with atomic #s to are . ratio of protons:neutrons ( ) Example: Carbon 12 has protons and neutrons
Nuclear Stability
to are . ratio of protons:neutrons (p+ : n0) Example: Mercury 200 has protons and neutrons
Nuclear Stability
Elements with atomic #s and . Examples:
are and
Alpha Decay
Alpha decay emission of an alpha particle ( 4 ), denoted by the symbol , because an 2 has 2 protons and 2 neutrons, just like the He nucleus. Charge is because of the 2 . Alpha decay causes the number to decrease by and the number to decrease by . determines the element. All nuclear equations are .
Alpha Decay
Example 1: Write the nuclear equation for the radioactive decay of polonium 210 by alpha emission. Step 1: Write the element that you are starting with. Step 2: Draw the arrow. Mass #
Atomic # Step 3: Write the alpha particle. Step 4: Determine the other product (ensuring everything is balanced).
Alpha Decay
Example 2: Write the nuclear equation for the radioactive decay of radium 226 by alpha emission.
Mass #
Atomic #
Beta decay
Beta decay emission of a beta particle ( ), a fast moving , denoted by the 0 symbol or . has -1 insignificant mass ( ) and the charge is because its an . Beta decay causes change in number and causes the number to increase by .
Beta Decay
Example 1: Write the nuclear equation for the radioactive decay of carbon 14 by beta emission.
Mass #
Atomic #
Beta Decay
Example 2: Write the nuclear equation for the radioactive decay of zirconium 97 by beta decay.
Mass #
Atomic #
Gamma decay
Gamma rays high-energy radiation, denoted by the symbol . has no mass ( ) and no charge ( ). Thus, it causes change in or numbers. Gamma rays almost accompany alpha and beta radiation. However, since there is effect on mass number or atomic number, they are usually from nuclear equations.
Transmutation
the of one atom of one element to an atom of a different element ( decay is one way that this occurs!)
Review
Type of Particle Change Change Radioacti Emitted in Mass # in Atomic ve Decay # 4 2He Alpha -4 -2 0 Beta 0 +1 -1e Gamma 0 0
Half-Life
is the required for of a radioisotopes nuclei to decay into its products. For any # ofradioisotope, lives % Remaining
0 1 2 100% 50% 25%
3 4 5 6
Half-Life
Half-Life
100 90
80
70
% Remaining
60 50
40
30 20 10 0
# of Half-Lives
Half-Life
For example, suppose you have 10.0 grams of strontium 90, which has a half life of 29 years. How much will be remaining after x number of years? # of lives Time (Years) Amount Remaining (g) You can use a table: 0 0 10
1 2 3 4
29 58 87 116
Half-Life
Or an equation!
Half-Life
Example 1: If gallium 68 has a half-life of 68.3 minutes, how much of a 160.0 mg sample is left after 1 half life? ________ 2 half lives? __________ 3 half lives? __________
Half-Life
Example 2: Cobalt 60, with a half-life of 5 years, is used in cancer radiation treatments. If a hospital purchases a supply of 30.0 g, how much would be left after 15 years? ______________
Half-Life
Example 3: Iron-59 is used in medicine to diagnose blood circulation disorders. The halflife of iron-59 is 44.5 days. How much of a 2.000 mg sample will remain after 133.5 days? ______________
Half-Life
Example 4: The half-life of polonium-218 is 3.0 minutes. If you start with 20.0 g, how long will it take before only 1.25 g remains? ______________
Half-Life
Example 5: A sample initially contains 150.0 mg of radon-222. After 11.4 days, the sample contains 18.75 mg of radon-222. Calculate the half-life.
Nuclear Reactions
Characteristics: Isotopes of one element are into isotopes of another element Contents of the change amounts of are released
decay alpha and beta particles and gamma ray emission Nuclear - emission of a or
Nuclear Fission
of a nucleus - Very heavy nucleus is split into approximately fragments reaction releases several neutrons which more nuclei - If controlled, energy is released (like in ) Reaction control depends on reducing the of the neutrons (increases the reaction rate) and extra neutrons ( creases the reaction rate).
Nuclear Fission
- 1st controlled nuclear reaction in December 1942. 1st uncontrolled nuclear explosion occurred July 1945. - Examples atomic bomb, current nuclear power plants
Nuclear Fusion
of a nuclei - Two nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus - Does not occur under standard conditions ( repels ) - Advantages compared to fission , - Disadvantages - requires amount of energy to , difficult to - Examples energy output of stars, hydrogen