VARNISHES

Submitted to:Ar. Manujit Khurana

GENERAL:
Varnish is a clear, pale solution of resinous substance( like amber, common resin, copal, lac or shellac. Dissolved in either oil, turpentine or alcohol.

The solution on drying forms a hard, transparent, glossy film on the varnished surface.

It is applied on wood surfaces with the following objects:

To intensify or brighten the appearance of natural grains in wood. To render brilliancy to the painted surface. To protect painted surface from atmospheric action. To protect unpainted wooden surface of doors, windows, floors, roof trusses etc. from atmospheric action.

VARNISH BEING APPLIED ON A WOODEN SURFACE.

VARNISHED SURFACE.

METHOD OF APPLYING VARNISH

Characteristics of Ideal Varnish:

Render the surface glossy Dry rapidly Pleasing in appearance Color of varnish should not fade way when exposed to atmospheric actions Protective film develop by varnish should be hard, tough and durable Should not shrink or show cracks on drying. Should present a surface which is uniform in nature

VARNISH ON HEAVY WEIGHT PAPER

GLOSSY SURFACE

INGREDIENTS OF VARNISH

RESIN OR RESINOUS SUBSTANCE

DRIERS

SOLVENTS

Resin Or Resinous Substance

Commonly used resins are copal, lac or shellac and rosin. Copal is hard substance where pine tree existed in past Lac and shellac is obtained by exudation of some types of insects in India Rosin is obtained from pine tree. Other rosins are amber, mastic, gum dabbar etc.

SHELLAC

COPAL

ROSIN

DRIERS
Function is to accelerate the process of drying. Common driers used in varnishes are lithrage, white copper and lead acetate.

SOLVENTS
Depending on nature of resin, type of solvent is decided.

LEAD ACETATE

LITHRAGE

SOLVENTS FOR RESINS:

SOLVENT
Boiled linseed oil Methylated spirit of wine Turpentine Wood naphtha

RESINS
Amber, copal Lac or shellaac Mastic, gum dammar, rosin Cheap variety of resins

TYPES OF VARNISHES:
Oil Varnishes Turpentine varnishes Water varnishes Spar varnishes Flat varnishes Asphalt varnishes Spirit varnishes

OIL VARNISHES:
Cooked mixture of a drying oil (linseed oil) and resins (usually copal) dissolved in volatile liquid thinner (Turpentine or Benzene) Used for both interior as well as exterior works. Dry slowly in approximately 24 hours Forms hard and durable surface

OIL VARNISH N HOW IT RENDERS THE SURFACE

TURPENTINE VARNISHES:
Use turpentine as solvent in which soft resin such as gum dammer, mastic and rosin are dissolved Dries quickly, but is not durable Cheaper than oil varnishes

TURPENTINE VARNISH AND THE WAY IT RENDERS THE SURFACE.

WATER VARNISHES:
Formed by dissolving shellac in hot water, using enough quantity of either ammonia, borax, potash or soda Used for varnishing wallpapers, maps, pictures, book, jackets, etc.

SPAR VARNISHES:
Derives its name from its utility on spars and other exposed parts of ships Forms a weather resistant coating when used on exposed surface like rail road coaches, exterior wood work or metal surfaces Should not be used in indoors as it gives stick effect in warm weather

FINISHED SURFACE USING A SPAR VARNISH.

FLAT VARNISHES:
Sometimes it is desirable that varnish should present a dull appearance To attain this, manufacturers make varnishes dry with a reduced gloss by adding such materials as wax, metallic soap and finely divided silica.

ASPHALT VARNISHES:
Made by dissolving melted hard asphalt in linseed oil and thinned with turpentine or petroleum spirit. Chiefly used to give a black shop coat to fabricated iron and steel products

APPLYING VARNISH AFTER SCRAPPING OFF..

SPIRIT VARNISHES:
Solution of resins or other film forming materials dissolved in volatile liquid. Dries quickly ( as a volatile liquid evaporates leaving behind the resins used) in the form of hard glossy but somewhat brittle film. Most commonly used for wooden furniture French, lacquer and shellac varnishes fall in this category

FINISH USING SPIRIT VARNISH

PROCESS OF VARNISHES:
Preparation Of Surface: The woodwork is thoroughly rubbed down by the mean of sandpaper or pumice stone. The surface is then made smooth and clean. Knotting: The process knotting is then carried out as in case of painting. It is done to remove the knots in wood work to carry out varnishing.

Stopping: This term is used to indicate the rubbing down of the surface after the first coat of paint is applied. The surface of woodwork is then stopped. This is done by the means of hot weak glue size. It will fill up the pores on the surface. Alternatively, the boiled linseed oil can be applied in two coats. When the surface becomes dry, it should be once again rubbed down with sandpaper. Coats of Varnish: The varnish is then applied on the surface in thin coats. The next coat is applied after the previous one has thoroughly dried up. The varnishes should not be done with ordinary paint brushes. But fine haired varnishing brushes should be used.

IMPORTANCE
Plays important role in finishing unpainted furniture and other wood work to decorate the surface without hiding beautiful grains of wood. Protects the surface against the adverse influence of atmosphere. Enhances the appearance of paint and increases the durability of paint film.

Submitted By:
Harmanpreet Singh Harneet Singh Jinny Bansal Jogman Khroudh Kaish sinha Komalpreet Kaur