5.

LIGHT

5.1 Reflection of light

When light strikes a surface, reflection will occur The incoming light ray is called incident ray whereas the light ray reflected from the surface is called reflected ray The angle between the normal and the incident ray is called the angle of incidence (i ) The angle between the normal and the reflected ray is called the angle of reflection ( r )

Law of Reflection
1. The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane 2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

Image
1. A real image is one which is visible on a screen 2. A virtual image cannot be formed on a screen

Characteristics of image formed in a plane mirror

1. 2. 3. 4. Virtual Laterally inverted Same size as the object As far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it 5. upright

Diagram

Curved mirrors
A mirror which curves inwards is know as concave mirror A mirror that curves outward is called convex mirror

Terms associated with curved mirrors

The center of curvature, C The center of the sphere from which the mirror was cut The radius of the sphere from which the mirror was cut The center of the mirror

The radius R

The pole,P

 The principal focus, P The focal point, F

The line joining the pole to the center of curvature

The focal length, f

The focal length is half of radius

The point to which all rays paralled to the principal axis converge or from which the appear The distance between the pole and the principal focus

Images formed by a convex mirror

Images I is 1. Virtual upright 2. diminished

Applications of reflection of light

1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. Plane mirror Mirror in meter Periscope Make-up Convex mirror The side mirror of a car A surveillance mirror A blind corner mirror Concave mirror Shaving mirror The dentists mirror The head lamp of touch light, car

5.2 Refraction of light

Refraction means the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another transparent medium, this due to change in the velocity of light The formation of rainbow is due to the refraction

Refraction
When a light ray is incident from less density medium to high density medium, the light ray is seen refracted toward the normal When a light ray is incident from high density to less density medium, the light ray is seen refracted away from the normal When light ray incident normally on a medium , the refracted ray is unent

Refractive Index
Refractive Index , n = speed of light in vacuum speed of light in medium = Real depth apparent depth = sin I sin r

where i = incident angle r = refraction angle

= 1/ sinc

c= critical angle

Laws of refraction (Snells law)

The incident ray,the refracted ray and the normal all lie in the same plane The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence (sin i ) to the sine of angle of refraction (sin r is a constant. sin i = constant sin r

Real Depth and apparent depth

The distance between the water surface and the object is called real depth (D) The distance between the water surface and image is called apparent depth (d)

5.3 Total internal reflection of light

1. 2. Critical angle,c is defined as the angle of incidence in the denser medium when the angle of refraction in the less dense medium is 90o the conditions for total internal reflection to occur are: The angle of incidence in the denser medium must greater that the critical angle of the medium The ray of light passes from a denser medium to less denser medium

Applications of Total Internal Reflection

Sparkle of diamond the critical angle of diamond in the air is 24o. When the critical is smaller, the ray will reflected so many time and than the diamond more sparkle than a glass that have crictical angle 42o

Optical Fibers
Used widely in telecommunication and medical They has a high refractive index , critical angle is smaller Inner core optically denser glss than outside The light experices total internal reflection

The mirage
Mirages are formed by refraction and total internal reflection The air near the surface of the road is hotter and the density is smaller than the upper layer A ray from the sky is gradually refracted more and more towards horizontal The angle of incidence of the ray becomes greater and greater until it becomes than the critical angle Finally, total internal reflection occurs

 The fishs-eye view Rainbow formed because of refraction, dispersion and total internal reflection

Lenses
Types of lenses 1. Convex lens When parallel light ray pass through a convex lens, the refracted ray converge to a point after refraction is also called converging lens

1. Concave lens when parallel ray pass through a concave lens ,the refracted ray diverge after refraction Is also called diverging lens

Summary of the terms about lens

Optical center C

Principal axis

The point midway between the lens surface on the principal axis which light rays pass through without deviation The line passing through C and is perpendicular to the lens

 Principal focus. F

Focal length, f Focal plane

The point to which all rays parallel to the principal axis will converge after refraction The distance between F and C The plane which passes through F and perpendicular to the principal axis

Finding focal length of a convex lens

When parallel light rays from a distant object incident on a convex lens, they are refracted and converge to apoint on the focal plane The distance between the convex lens and image is focal length digram

Construction Rules from image formed by convex lens

Incident ray 1. Parallel to the principal axis

Refracted ray 1. Passes through The focal point F

2. Towards F 3. Towards C

2. Parallel to the principal axis 3. Passes through C without deviation

Construction Rules for image Formed by concave lens

Incident ray 1. Parallel to the principal axis

2. Toward F 3. Toward C

Refracted ray 1. Appears to comesfrom F on the same side of the incident ray 2. Parallel to the principal axis 3. Passes through C without deviation

Power,P
Power of a lens ,P = 1/f (in meter
P= 100/f (in cm)

Unit Dioptre, D The power of concave lens is (-) and convex is (+)

Characteristics of the image concave lens

Upright Virtual Diminished Image is between center and F on the same side as the object

Characteristics of image formed by convex lens

1. u< f Virtual Upright magniferd Image is formed on the same side as the object Image is formed at infinity

2. U = f

3.

f< u<2f

Image is formed beyond 2f opposite side on the lens Real Inverted Magnified Image is formed at 2f opposite side the lens Real Inverted Same size

4.

u = 2f

5. u >2f

Image is fomed between F and 2F Real Inverted Diminished Image is formed on the focal plane Real Inverted diminished

6. u at infinity

Magnification, m
m = image distance object distance = v/u
= image height object height = hi /ho

Lens Equation
1=1 + 1 f u v convex lens concave lens u + + v + (Real) - (virtual) f + -

Optical Devices
Magnifying glass 1. Called a simple microscope 2. The image formed is magnified,upright and virtual

Compound microscope
Objective lens Eyepiece lens Object

Receive light rays from the object Viewing the final image Placed at a distance between fo and 2fo

First image

Inverted magnified and real and becomes the object for eyepiece lens

 Final image Distance between the lenses is greater than the sum of their indivual focal length

Inverted mangified virtual >fo +fe

Astronomical telescope
Objective lens Eyepiece lens The distance between the objective lens and eyepiece Power is low has a long focal length,fo Power is high has a short focal length,fe = fo+fe

 First image

Final image Magnification =fo/fe

Real,inverted and diminished at the focal plane of the objecite lens and eyepiece becomes the object for Virtual inverted and magnified is formed at infinity