CNAP Semester 2: Router and Routing Basics Module 6

ROUTING AND
ROUTING

PROTOCOLS

Objectives
Explain the significance ( ngha) of static routing Configure static and default routes Identify the classes of routing protocols Identify distance vector routing protocols Identify link-state routing protocols Describe the basic characteristics of common routing protocols Identify interior gateway protocols Identify exterior gateway protocols Enable Routing Information Protocol (RIP) on a router

Table of Content
1 Introduction to static route 2 Dynamic routing overview 3 Routing protocols overview

INTRODUCTION TO STATIC

ROUTING

Introducing Routing
Routing is the process that a router uses to forward packets toward the destination network Static route & dynamic route Static routes must be configured manually Network topology changes require the network administrator to add and delete static routes to correct the changes. Static route requires a tremendous (rt ln) amount of adm. time.

Static Route Operation

Sterling

S0

172.16.1.1/24

S0 S1 172.16.3.1/24
Hoboken

S1

waycross

172.16.5.1/24

Router(config) ip route des_net subnet_mask

[next-hop-address | outgoing interface]

Hobeken(config)# ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 Command des. Net subnetmask Hobeken(config)# ip route
Command des. Net subnetmask

s1 interface
nexthop add

172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1

Configuring Static Routes

Determine all desired destination networks, their subnet masks, and their gateways. Enter global configuration mode. Type the ip route command with a destination address and subnet mask followed by their corresponding gateway from Step one. Including an administrative distance is optional. Repeat Step three for as many destination networks as were defined in Step one. copy running-config startup-config command.

Configuring Static Routes: Example

Sterling

S0

172.16.1.1/24

S0 S1 172.16.3.1/24
Hoboken

S1

waycross

172.16.5.1/24

Hobeken(config)# ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 Command des. Net subnetmask Hobeken(config)# ip route
Command

s1 gateway s0
gateway

172.16.5.0 255.255.255.0
des. Net subnetmask

Configuring Default Route Forwarding

Sterling

S0

172.16.1.1/24

S0 S1 172.16.3.1/24
Hoboken

S1

waycross

172.16.5.1/24

Hobeken(config)# ip route

[next-hop-address | outgoing interface] Default routes are used to route packets with destinations that do not match any of the other routes in the routing table

0.0.0.0

0.0.0.0

Hobeken(config)# ip route

0.0.0.0

0.0.0.0

s0

Verifying & Troubleshoot Static Route Configuration

show running-config to view the active configuration show ip route to verify that the route that was configured is in the routing table. Ping Traceroute

DYNAMIC ROUTING OVERVIEW

Introduction To Routing Protocols

A routing protocol allows one router to share information with other routers. E.g: RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF A routed protocol provides enough information in its network layer address to allow a packet to be forwarded from one host to another based on the addressing scheme. E.g IP,IPX, An autonomous system (AS)(H thng t tr) : is a collection of networks under a common administration sharing a common routing strategy (chin lc)

Purpose Of A Routing Protocol & Autonomous Systems

The goal of a routing protocol is to build and maintain the routing table. The routing protocol learns all available routes, places the best routes into the routing table When all routers in an internetwork are operating with the same knowledge, the internetwork is said to have converged Autonomous systems (AS) provide the division of the global internetwork into smaller and more manageable networks.

Identifying The Classes Of Routing Protocols

Most routing algorithms can be classified into one of two categories:
The distance vector routing approach (method) determines the direction (vector) and distance to any link in the internetwork. The link-state approach, also called shortest path first, recreates the exact topology of the entire internetwork.

Distance Vector Routing Protocol Features

10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0

Routing Table 10.1.0.0 0 10.2.0.0 0 10.3.0.0 1

Routing Table 10.2.0.0 0 10.3.0.0 0 10.1.0.0 1 10.4.0.0 1

Routing Table 10.3.0.0 0 10.4.0.0 0 10.2.0.0 1

10.4.0.0 2

10.1.0.0 2

Link-state Routing Protocol Features Hello Hello

10.1.0.0 A 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 B 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 A LSU C LSU 10.4.0.0 B SPF 10.2.0.0 B 10.3.0.0 C 10.3.0.0 B 10.4.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0

A 10.3.0.0

Routing Table

10.1.0.0 0
10.2.0.0 0 10.3.0.0 1 10.4.0.0 2

ROUTING PROTOCOLS OVERVIEW

Path Determination
Path determination occurs at the network layer. The path determination function enables a router to evaluate the paths to a destination and to establish the preferred (c u tin) handling of a packet The switching function is the internal process used by a router to accept a packet on one interface and forward it to a second interface on the same router.

Routing Configuration
Network 172.16.0.0

Global configuration Select routing protocol(s) Specify Network(s) Interface configuration

RIP

RIP IGRP

IGRP Network 160.89.0.0

Verify address/ subnet mask

RIP Network 172.30.0.0

Routing Configuration ( cont. )

Router(config)# router protocol {options}
Defines an ip routing protocol Protocol: IGRP, OSPF,EIGRP,RIP Option: autonomous system or process id if required

Router(config-router)# network networknumber

The network subcommand is a mandatory (bt buc) configuration command for each ip routing process

Routing Protocols

IGP
AS 100

EGP (BGP) AS 200

RIP,IGRP,EIGRP,OSPF

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

It is a distance vector routing protocol. Hop count is used as the metric for path selection. If the hop count is greater than 15, the packet is discarded. Routing updates are broadcast every 30 seconds, by default.

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)

It is a distance vector routing protocol. Bandwidth, load, delay and reliability are used to create a composite metric. Routing updates are broadcast every 90 seconds, by default.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

It is a link-state routing protocol. Open standard routing protocol described in RFC 2328. Uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the lowest cost to a destination. Routing updates are flooded as topology changes occur

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)

It is an enhanced distance vector routing protocol. Uses load balancing. Uses a combination of distance vector and link-state features. Uses Diffused Update Algorithm (DUAL) to calculate the shortest path. Routing updates are broadcast every 90 seconds or as triggered by topology changes

Summary
Routing protocols Autonomous systems The classes of routing protocols Routing configuration Routing protocols (RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP, BGP) Autonomous systems and IGP versus EGP Distance vector routing Link-state routing