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WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
1) Whole world interconnected - interdependence of all parts of world 2) Intensification of world-wide phenomena 3) Trans-national relations - erosion of national boundaries 4) Domino effects - events have long-distance ramifications e.g. September 11
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
5) Alteration of space - distances shortened - technological changes 6) Alteration of time - things happen quicker 7) Sense of globality / Global consciousness - experience all places as interdependent - the whole planet - the whole of humankind
Definitions of Globalization
Political, economic, social and cultural aspects an immense enlargement of world communication and a world market (Fredric Jameson) - Updated Frankfurt School view - capitalist market spreads everywhere - the negative consequences of capitalism spread globally
Definitions of Globalization
the intensification of world-wide social relations (Anthony Giddens) - - stretching of social relations across the globe - - communications and media technologies the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole (Roland Robertson) - - world becomes smaller - - world is experienced as one place
Definitions of Globalization
Deterritorialization: a process (or set of processes) which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions - assessed in terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity and impact - generating transcontinental or inter-regional flows and networks of activity (David Held)
1) Processes across and beyond nation-states 2) Processes across whole regions e.g. European Union
History of Globalization
Last 30 years - Electronic communications technology - Cheap air travel
- Spread of capitalism after fall of Communism in 1989 and 1991 - Development of a truly global capitalism
History of Globalization
Since beginnings of capitalism Especially since mid-19th century
Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto (1848) The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country. All old established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed. They are dislodged by new industries, whose introduction becomes a life and death question for all civilised nations. In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every direction, universal inter-dependence of nations.
History of Globalization
Since Western discovery of Americas
History of Globalization
Since beginnings of human history - mankind spreads out from East Africa - one million years ago - humans reach every part of the planet
Trans-national Corporations (TNCs) - e.g. Coca-Cola, Nike, Gap, Nokia, News International
Investment in countries - cheap labour, low taxes Mobility of capital: - pull out of one country and move elsewhere:
Free trade: no national barriers to trade Neo-liberal ideology: free markets = no State interference in economy = wealth for all World Trade Organisation (WTO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) World Bank
Globalization of Economy
Right-wing view (e.g. Francis Fukuyama): - free trade benefits all countries - poorer countries economies develop and citizens get richer - capitalism brings with it the benefits of consumerism democracy human rights - Global Village
Left-wing view
e.g. Noam Chomsky, Zygmunt Bauman
World united in some ways - especially economically: world-wide capitalist market - Habermas: world-wide capitalist system; colonizes local life-worlds World divided in other ways - increasing wealth in Developed World, increasing poverty in Developing World - globalization works in Western interests
Immanuel Wallerstein: World-Systems Theory 1) Globalization = new form of imperialism 2) Not direct but indirect Not political but economic control 3) Globalization based on rich core nations and poor periphery nations 4) Developing world debt 5) Job insecurity in core nations: - Decline of manufacturing - off-shoring