Heat Transfer: Fluids Review TRN-1998-004

Fluent Inc.
7/24/2013 G1
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Heat Transfer
Fluent Inc. 7/24/2013 G2
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Outline
Introduction
Modes of heat transfer
Typical design problems
Coupling of fluid flow and heat transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Introduction
Heat transfer is the study of thermal energy (heat) flows
Heat always flows from hot to cold
Examples are ubiquitous:
heat flows in the body
home heating/cooling systems
refrigerators, ovens, other appliances
automobiles, power plants, the sun, etc.
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Modes of Heat Transfer
Conduction - diffusion of heat due to temperature gradient
Convection - when heat is carried away by moving fluid
Radiation - emission of energy by electromagnetic waves
q
convection

q
conduction

q
radiation

Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Typical Design Problems
To determine:
overall heat transfer coefficient - e.g., for a car radiator
highest (or lowest) temperature in a system - e.g., in a gas turbine
temperature distribution (related to thermal stress) - e.g., in the walls of a
spacecraft

temperature response in time dependent heating/cooling problems - e.g.,
how long does it take to cool down a case of soda?

Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow
As a fluid moves, it carries heat with it -- this is called convection
Thus, heat transfer can be tightly coupled to the fluid flow solution
Additionally:
The rate of heat transfer is a strong function of fluid velocity
Fluid properties may be strong functions of temperature (e.g., air)
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Conduction Heat Transfer
Conduction is the transfer of heat by molecular interaction
In a gas, molecular velocity depends on temperature
hot, energetic molecules collide with neighbors, increasing their speed
In solids, the molecules and the lattice structure vibrate
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Fouriers Law
heat flux is proportional to temperature gradient

where k = thermal conductivity
in general, k = k(x,y,z,T,)
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= V = =
y
T
x
T
k T k q
A
Q
hot wall cold wall
dx
dT
1
temperature profile
x
heat conduction in a slab
units for q
are W/m
2

Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Generalized Heat Diffusion Equation
If we perform a heat balance on a small volume of material

we get:
q T k
t
T
c

+ V =
c
c
2
= =
c
k
o
thermal diffusivity
T
heat conduction
in
heat conduction
out
q
heat generation
rate of change
of temperature
heat cond.
in/out
heat
generation
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Boundary Conditions
Heat transfer boundary conditions generally come in three types:
T = 300K
specified temperature
Dirichlet condition
q = 20 W/m
2

specified heat flux
Neumann condition
q = h(T
amb
-T
body
)
external heat transfer
coefficient
Robin condition
T
body

Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Conduction Example
Compute the heat transfer through the wall of a home:
shingles
k=0.15 W/m
2
-K
sheathing
k=0.15 W/m
2
-K
fiberglas insulation
k=0.004 W/m
2
-K
2x6 stud
k=0.15 W/m
2
-K
sheetrock
k=0.4 W/m
2
-K
T
out
= 20

F T
out
= 68

F
Although slight, you
can see the thermal
bridging effect
through the studs
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Convection Heat Transfer
Convection is movement of heat with a fluid
E.g., when cold air sweeps past a warm body, it draws away warm air
near the body and replaces it with cold air

often, we want to know the heat transfer coefficient, h (next page)
flow over a
heated block
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Newtons Law of Cooling
T
body

T
T h T T h q
body
A = =

) (
average heat transfer coefficient (W/m
2
-K)
= h
q
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Heat Transfer Coefficient
h is not a constant, but h = h(AT)
Three types of convection:
Natural convection
fluid moves due to buoyancy

Forced convection
flow is induced by external means

Boiling convection
body is hot enough to boil liquid

3
1
4
1
, T h T h A A
const h =
2
T h A
Typical values of h:
4 - 4,000 W/m
2
-K
80 - 75,000
300 - 900,000
T
hot

T
cold

T
hot

T
cold

T
cold

T
hot

Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Looking in more detail...
Just as there is a viscous boundary layer in the velocity distribution,
there is also a thermal boundary layer
o
t
o
w
T
U T ,
y
) ( y T
velocity boundary
layer edge
thermal boundary
layer edge
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Nusselt Number
Equate the heat conducted from the wall to the same heat transfer in
convective terms:

Define dimensionless quantities:

Then rearrange to get:
) (

=
c
c
T T h
y
T
k
w f
L
y
y
T T
T T
T
w
w
Nu = =
|
.
|
\
|
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
f
w
w
k
hL
L
y
T T
T T
Nusselt number
dimensionless heat
transfer coefficient
conductivity
of the fluid
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Energy Equation
Generalize the heat conduction equation to include effect of fluid
motion:

Assumes incompressible fluid, no shear heating, constant properties,
negligible changes in kinetic and potential energy
Can now solve for temperature distribution in boundary layer
Then calculate h using Fouriers law:

q T k T
t
T
c

+ V = V +
c
c
2
u
0 =

c
c
=
y
w w
y
T
T T
k
T T
q
h
From calculated
temperature
distribution
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Correlations for Heat Transfer Coefficient
As an alternative, can use correlations to obtain h
E.g., heat transfer from a flat plate in laminar flow:

where the Prandtl number is defined as:

Typical values are:
Pr = 0.01 for liquid metals
Pr = 0.7 for most gases
Pr = 6 for water at room temperature
333 . 0 5 . 0
Pr Re 332 . 0 Nu
x x
=
o
u
= =
k
c
Pr
y diffusivit thermal
y diffusivit momentum
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Convection Examples
Developing flow in a pipe (constant wall temperature)
T
w
T

T
w
T

T
w
T
T
w
T
x
bulk fluid temperature
heat flux from wall
T
w
T
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Convection Examples
Natural convection (from a heated vertical plate)
u
T
T
w

gravity
As the fluid is warmed by the plate,
its density decreases and a buoyant
force arises which induces flow in
the vertical direction. The force is
equal to:

, T
) (T =
g ) (

The dimensionless group that
governs natural convection is the
Rayleigh number:
ou
|
3
Ra
TL g A
=
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Radiation Heat Transfer
Thermal radiation is emission of energy as electromagnetic waves
Intensity depends on body temperature and surface characteristics
Important mode of heat transfer at high temperatures
Can also be important in natural convection problems
Examples:
toaster, grill, broiler
fireplace
sunshine
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Surface Characteristics
t o + + = 1
q W/m
2

(incident energy flux)
q (reflected)
tq (transmitted)
oq (absorbed)
absorptance
reflectance
transmittance
translucent slab
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Black Body Radiation
A black body:
is a model of a perfect radiator
absorbs all energy that reaches it; reflects nothing
therefore o = 1, = t = 0
The energy emitted by a black body is the theoretical maximum:

This is Stefan-Boltzmann law; o is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant
(5.6697e-8 W/m
2
-K
4
)
4
T q o =
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Real Bodies
Real bodies will emit less radiation than a black body:

Example: radiation from a small body to its surroundings
both the body and its surroundings emit thermal radiation
the net heat transfer will be from the hotter to the colder
4
T q co =
emissivity (between 0 and 1)
) (
4 4
= T T A Q
w net
o c
q
w
T
A
w
q
net
Q
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
When is radiation important?
Radiation exchange is significant in high temperature problems: e.g.,
combustion
Radiation properties can be strong functions of chemical composition,
especially CO
2
, H
2
O
Radiation heat exchange is difficult solve (except for simple
configurations) we must rely on computational methods
Fluids Review
TRN-1998-004
Heat Transfer Summary
Heat transfer is the study of thermal energy (heat) flows:
conduction
convection
radiation
The fluid flow and heat transfer problems can be tightly coupled
through the convection term in the energy equation
when properties (, ) are dependent on temperature
While analytical solutions exist for some simple problems, we must
rely on computational methods to solve most industrially relevant
applications
Can I go back to
sleep now?

Heat Transfer: Fluids Review TRN-1998-004

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Heat Transfer: Fluids Review TRN-1998-004

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Fluent Inc.

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen